生物信息学技术

Nanoparticle–DNA (NP–DNA) conjugates have been highlighted due to their versatility in diverse science and engineering fields. The protocol of DNA conjugation to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which are among the most popular NPs in bio-applications, is thus described here. This proto ...

Gold nanoparticles have been a versatile tool in recent years for the exploration of biological systems. However, challenges with purification and adequate surface coverage limit the biocompatibility of gold nanoparticles. Here, we describe a detailed procedure for the synthesi ...

This chapter discusses the preparation and subsequent profiling capabilities of gold nanoparticle-oligonucleotide conjugates for multiple melanoma mRNA targets. We will outline the attachment of DNA hairpins modified with a thiol for facile attachment to gold nanoparticle ...

Early-stage detection is essential for effective treatment of pediatric virus infections. In traditional �immuno-PCR, a single antibody recognition event is associated with one to three DNA tags, which are subsequently amplified by PCR. In this protocol, we describe a nanoparticle- ...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a three-dimensional optical imaging technique that has been successfully implemented in ophthalmology for imaging the human retina, and in studying animal models of disease. OCT can nondestructively visualize structural features in tiss ...

Real-time microscopic visualization of single molecules in living cells provides a molecular perspective of cellular dynamics, which is difficult to be observed by conventional ensemble techniques. Among various classes of fluorescent tags used in single-molecule tracking, ...

This protocol describes a sensitive and rigorous method to monitor the movement and turnover of single synaptic vesicles in live presynaptic terminals of mammalian central nerve system. This technique makes use of fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals, quantum dots (Qdots), by t ...

Over the last decade, research has identified a class of bone marrow-derived circulating stem cells, termed endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), that are capable of homing to vascular lesions in the eye and contributing to pathological ocular neovascularization (NV). In preclinical ...

Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, is characterized by the accumulation of lipid deposits inside arterial walls, leading to narrowing of the arterial lumen. A significant challenge in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies is ...

Quantum dots (QDs) and other nanoparticles require delivery and targeting for most intracellular applications. Despite many advances, intracellular delivery and targeting remains inefficient with many QDs remaining bound to the plasma membrane rather than internalized in ...

Gold nanoparticles are receiving considerable attention due to their novel properties and the potential variety of their uses. Long gold nanorods with dimensions of approximately 20 � 400 nm exhibit strong light scattering and can be easily observed under dark-field microscopy. Here we ...

A number of silica-based nanomaterials have been developed in recent years. An important application of these nanomaterials is in the field of biological and biomedical applications. However, a major concern about the safety of the nanomaterials in vitro has been proposed. To address this ...

A technique for measuring the toxicity of nanomaterials using a murine model is described. Blood samples are collected via submandibular bleeding while urine samples are collected on cellophane sheets. Both biosamples are then analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emiss ...

Enzyme–gold nanoparticle bioconjugates have a wide variety of uses ranging from nanoreactors to sensors and model systems. While easy to make, these bioconjugates are often not well characterized. This protocol outlines preparation of enzyme–nanoparticle bioconjugates and t ...

Nanoparticles possess unique properties that are enhanced due to their small size and varied shapes. These properties can be directly manipulated by controlling the aggregation state, which can further be exploited for applications in bio/chemical sensing, plasmonics, and as supp ...

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has the potential to influence gene expression with a high degree of target gene specificity. However, the clinical application of siRNA therapeutics has proven to be less promising as evidenced by its poor intracellular uptake, instability in vivo, and nons ...

The ability of oligonucleotides to mediate the formation of inorganic materials is now well established. RNA and DNA are proving to be capable of mediating the formation of inorganic nanoparticles with sequence-specific control over nanoparticle size, shape, and even atomic-level c ...

The emergence of nanotechnology has already had a groundbreaking impact in biomedical research. In recent years, there has been significant interest by researchers to use nanotechnology to treat various oxidative stress-related ailments. We have seen a paradigm change in delivery m ...

Nanotechnology that deals with submicron particles has the potential to deeply impact ophthalmic delivery owing to its ability to transport incorporated active ingredient/drugs to the different compartments of the eye while protecting them from any external assault. Polymeric ...

Quantum dots are semiconductor nanoparticles with unique, size-tunable optical properties. Owing to these properties, these nanoparticles are fast emerging as versatile and multimodal agents in diagnostic imaging and drug delivery applications. In the past decade, their inte ...