植物学技术

Transient gene expression studies of plant virus genes or parts of genes can be studied using plant protoplasts. Such studies are dependent on a number of important factors: 1. The method for isolating plant cells or protoplasts. Met

Methods developed for plant virology have been of central importance to other branches of plant pathology. Fungal and bacterial pathogens were recognized and characterized in some detail by 1880, but it was not until after the turn of the century that viral pathogens were identified, and cons ...

Large amounts of active mRNA can be synthesized in vitro. In vitro-transcribed RNA molecules may subsequently be used for various purposes, e.g., in vitro translation. Several plasmids are available that are used to produce transcript molecules from cloned DNA inserts. These contain one or m ...

When trying to identify a clone within a cDNA library, which may contain a coat protein (CP) gene, one useful technique may by immunological screening, using antibodies raised against either purified virus or isolated CP. Antibody screening can be carried out on a cDNA cloned into a wide range of vect ...

Antibodies are produced by the immune systems of animals in response to the presence of foreign substances. Antibodies raised against regions of the viral coat protein (CP) (epitopes) can be exploited for virus detection; in 1977 Clark and Adams described the use of antibodies in ELISA to rapidly ...

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to amplify DNA between two oligonucleotide primers, of which one is complimentary to a sequence on the (+)-strand and the other to a downstream sequence on the (−)-strand. Amplification between the two primers is achieved by reiterative cycles of templ ...

Because the vast majority of plant viruses have a positive-sense RNA genome, which acts as the viral mRNA, the RNA must first be converted into cDNA before cloning, amplification, and subsequent manipulation. Successful cDNA synthesis should yield full-length copies of the original popu ...

As shown in previous chapters, many RNA plant viruses have multipartite genomes, which are divided between two or more viral nucleoprotein components. Each nucleoprotein component will display different sedimentation properties, according to the size of RNA. Thus, it is possible to fr ...

Since the first demonstration by Powell-Abel et al. (1) that plants engineered to express the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) gene can resist corresponding viral infection, a decade of research on CP-mediated protection (CPMP) has produced transgenic plants resistant to a mult ...

The most commonly used method to analyze the quality of RNA is electro-phoresis in agarose gels. The distance an RNA molecule moves in a gel is dependent both on its mol wt and its conformation. Hence, to accurately compare RNAs across virus groups or to determine their size, it is crucial to completely den ...

Most known luteoviruses can be placed in one of two subgroups as defined by serological relationships and genome organization (ref. 1; see Fig. 1). Subgroup I is represented by three strains of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV-PAV, BYDV-MAV, and BYDV-SGV). Subgroup II includes potato leaf roll virus ...

The group Tombusvirus is one of the 16 groups of plant viruses established in 1971 (1). Its name derives from the sigla “tombus” from tomato bushy stunt, which is the disease caused by the type member of the group, tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). The group was later ranked as genus Tombusvirus in the family Tom ...

At least 20 tymovirus species are known. The generic acronym, tymovirus, comes from turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV), the name of the first to be described (1), now the type species. The tymoviruses infect dicotyledonous angiosperms, mostly those that have the C3 photosynthetic pathway; few ha ...

The Carmovirus group is named after carnation mottle virus (CarMV), its type member. Carmoviruses have icosahedral particles about 30 nm in diameter that sediment at 120–130 S. They are also characterized by a monopartite positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome of M r 1.4–1.6 � 106 and a single ...

Comoviruses are small, icosahedral viruses with a diameter of approx 28 nm (Fig. 1). Presently the genus Comovirus is comprised of 15 different viruses, of which the type species, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), is the most thoroughly studied (1,2). All viruses are transmitted by beetles and have a rather ...

Viruses of the nepovirus genus are classified within the family of Comoviridae, along with the comoviruses and the fabaviruses. At the time of writing, there are some 27 confirmed members of the genus, with eight or so viruses that, following further investigation, may be confirmed as members (1). T ...

The Cucumoviruses are tripartite (+) sense RNA viruses in the Bromoviridae family of plant viruses. The genus includes cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, the type species), peanut stunt virus (PSV), and tomato aspermy virus (TAV) (reviewed in refs. 1 and 2). A fourth member, bean distortion mosaic virus (B ...

Bromoviruses are a group of plant single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the genus Bromoviridae. Their polyhedral particles of ca. 26 nm in diameter have the icosahedral T-3 surface lattice symmetry (1), with 180 identical polypeptides used to build their virion particles. Because of the ...

The genus Trichovirus, a newly established plant virus genus (1), contains five viral species (including three tentative members), with similar biological, morphological, physicochemical, and ultrastructural properties. Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) and potato vi ...

The genus Ilarvirus belongs to the family Bromoviridae, together with three other genera Bromovirus, Cucumovirus, and Alfamovirus (1). The ilarvirus genus includes at present 15 approved species and is divided into 10 subgroups according to serological relationships (2). The membe ...