免疫学技术

The activation of CD4+ T-cell subsets, Th1 and Th2, is one of the most important focuses of immunology. Th1 and Th2 are differentiated from naive T cells after antigenic stimulation by the influence of cytokines or costimulatory molecules (CD80/CD86) provided from antigen presenting cells ( ...

Large-scale preparations of plasmid DNA encoding cytokine cassettes are continuously gaining in importance in many areas of gene-therapy (1) including DNA vaccinations with plasmid cytokine adjuvants (2–4), tumor research (5), and treatment of infectious diseases (6,7). Small-s ...

Cell stimulation with a growth factor or cytokine results in a myriad of intracellular activities, including up- and down-regulation of multiple signal transduction pathways, culminating in observable cellular functions, such as modulation of cell motility, alteration of cell pr ...

Immunohistochemistry is an essential adjunct of modern diagnostic pathology. In the majority of cases, pathological tissue samples are fixed in formal dehyde and embedded in paraffin wax for examination of microscopic morphology. A major limitation of routinely processed tissu ...

The localization of proteins and carbohydrates within cells and tissues with specific antibodies has long been proven to be a valuable technique. Immunolocalization procedures allow one to detect not only well-characterized cellular structures but also provide information ab ...

Cell death may occur via two different mechanisms: apoptosis or necrosis. Necrosis is caused by the cell’s inability to maintain homeostasis and is characterized by loss of plasma membrane integrity, cell swelling and lysis, random degradation of DNA, and lack of an energy requirement or macr ...

These methods have, as an underlying unification, the sole use of antibody-antigen interaction to provide the binding of reagents, ultimately leading to the localization of enzyme at the site of cellular antigen. The earlier direct and indirect techniques, while still used today, were fou ...

These methods involve, at their core, the vitamin biotin and the protein avidin, which bind together irreversibly. By establishing a biotin link, through avidin, between the horseradish peroxidase enzyme and a secondary antibody reagent, enzyme localization can be achieved at the site of ...

The immunohistological demonstration of more than one antigen in the same tissue section may be used for studying the topographic relationships of cell populations and for correlating cell phenotype with functional or prognostic markers or with microbial infection in situ (1). In addi ...

The importance of antibody molecules was first recognized in the 1890s, when it was shown that immunity to tetanus and diphtheria was caused by antibodies against the bacterial exotoxins (1). Around the same time, it was shown that antisera against cholera vibrios could transfer immunity to na ...

Advances in PCR techniques and the increase of the antibody V region sequences in the database have boosted developments in the field of antibody engineering. The V region genes can be amplified from hybridomas (1), preimmunized donors (2), naive donors (3), or from the cells expressing antibod ...

The use of antibodies in transplantation has become a clinical reality. Antibodies have been used to both dampen the recipient’s immune response and to obscure the immunogenicity of the donor graft. Traditionally, antibodies have been administered to the transplant recipient to trans ...

The development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) technology (1) has had a significant impact on many fields of research, in particular immunology. However, the method has limitations. The use of recombinant DNA technology and demonstration by Smith 1985 (2) that peptides can be expressed on the s ...

Before antibiotics, sera from immune animals and humans were used to treat a variety of infectious diseases, often with successful results. In the beginning of the 20th century, serum therapy had taken a place in standard treatment protocols for several infectious diseases, such as meningi ...

Many factors influence the uptake of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in tumors. Some are dependent on the antibody, such as affinity, intact immunoglobulin or fragment, route of administration, choice of radio isotope, or method of labeling. Others depend on properties of the t ...

Radiolabeled antibodies in nuclear medicine may be used for therapy or diagnosis. Diagnostic antibodies may be monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), directed against a specific disease, or polyclonal antibodies, which are used largely as intravascular reference markers or markers of va ...

What is an immunoassay without an antibody? Clearly the name provides the answer to this question; without antibodies there would be no immunoassays. An immunoassay is an analytical technique, quantitative or qualitative, that relies absolutely on the specificity and affinity of the in ...

The ease with which polyclonal, monoclonal, and engineered antibody fragments can be prepared allows access to a series of reagents with high selectivity and affinity. These reagents therefore have long held promise as a means of influencing the growth and spread of malignant disease. Over a n ...

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) appear to offer many benefits for the treatment of cancer and in particular lymphoma (1). They are natural products that can be made with precise specificity and in almost unlimited amounts. In addition, mAbs can be selected or engineered to efficiently recruit t ...

Their inherent specificity makes antibodies attractive immunotherapeutic agents. Definition of appropriate therapeutic strategies requires parallel identification of potential target molecules and the immunotherapeutic mechanisms to be recruited by antibod ...