细胞技术

The SCSA� is the pioneering assay for the detection of damaged sperm DNA and altered proteins in sperm nuclei via flow cytometry of acridine orange (AO) stained sperm. The SCSA� is considered to be the most precise and repeatable test providing very unique, dual parameter data (red vs. green fluoresc ...

Measurement of sperm DNA damage is a useful tool in the evaluation of male infertility, as the sperm nucleus lacks protection against oxidative stress and is vulnerable to oxidation-mediated DNA damage. The Comet assay or single-cell gel electrophoresis is a relatively simple and sensiti ...

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-nick end labeling or the TUNEL assay is an important technique in the assessment of DNA damage. Semen samples are routinely assessed microscopically to assess their fertilization ability. In addi ...

The hemizona assay (HZA) has been developed as a diagnostic test for the tight binding of human spermatozoa to the human zona pellucida to predict fertilization potential. In this homologous bioassay, the two matching hemizona halves are functionally equal surfaces allowing controll ...

The sperm penetration assay, or zona-free hamster oocyte penetration assay, is utilized to measure the ability of sperm to undergo capacitation, fuse with the egg membrane, and decondense the sperm head within the cytoplasm of the oocyte, resulting in the formation of the male pronucleus. The t ...

Research on in vitro spermatogenesis has a long history and remained to be an unaccomplished task until very recently. In 2010, we succeeded in producing murine sperm from primitive spermatogonia using an organ culture method. The fertility of the sperm or haploid spermatids was demonstra ...

Progressive motility is a vital functional characteristic of ejaculated human spermatozoa that governs their ability to penetrate into, and migrate through, both cervical mucus and the oocyte vestments, and ultimately fertilize the oocyte. A detailed protocol, based on the most com ...

Progressive motility is a vital functional characteristic of ejaculated human spermatozoa that governs their ability to penetrate into, and migrate through, both cervical mucus and the oocyte vestments, and ultimately fertilize the oocyte. A detailed protocol, based on traditio ...

Although sperm morphology evaluation is one of the most important aspects of the semen analysis if done correctly and accurately, a trend is developing in which many laboratories or clinicians no longer regard sperm morphology as relevant due to the very low normal reference value of only 4% morp ...

High-resolution X-ray tomography (microCT) is increasingly available in research settings, and is a valuable tool in the study of mineralized tissue development. At resolutions of 2–20 μm, achievable for typical murine scale samples, it provides nondestructive visualization of th ...

The study of organogenesis allows investigation of a variety of basic biological processes in the context of the intact organ. The ability to analyze teeth ex vivo during development has emerged as a powerful tool to understand how teeth are constructed and the signaling pathways that regula ...

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay has been designed to detect apoptotic cells that undergo extensive DNA degradation during the late stages of apoptosis. The method is based on the ability of TdT to label blunt ends of double-stranded DNA br ...

Immunohistochemistry is a classic technique used for the localization of antigenic target molecules in �tissue. The method exploits the principle that the target antigen is recognized by specific antibody and is visualized using different detection systems. The subject of this cha ...

In recent years, in situ RNA hybridization technique has found a widespread application in developmental biology. This method has frequently been used to determine gene expression patterns, which is a first step toward understanding of a gene function. Here, we provide a reliable and sensi ...

Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a reliable and specific method to study three-dimensional patterns of gene expression. A labeled nucleic acid probe anneals to a complementary target sequence and is visualized and localized in the embryo. This chapter describes a sensitive m ...

Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of tissues by examining a thin slice of the tissue under the microscope. Prior to slicing/sectioning, most tissues require some form of solidifying to allow thin sections to be cut. However, since the tooth is the hardest substance in the vertebrate ...

Tooth development is increasingly being studied in a variety of vertebrate model organisms, each contributing its own perspective to our understanding of dental diversity. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry are well-established and frequently used techniques ...

Ameloblastomas are uncommon benign neoplasms of the jaws. They originate from dental epithelial cells, but they are not capable of mineralizing or forming enamel. The study of these tumors is limited to live tissue collected from patients during scheduled surgery. Ameloblastomas grow s ...

The arrangement of cells within a tissue plays an essential role in organogenesis, including tooth development. Organ morphogenesis and physiological functions induced by three-dimensional tissue organization are well known to be regulated by the proper spatiotemporal orga ...

In humans, microbially induced inflammatory periodontal diseases are the primary initiators that disrupt the functional and structural integrity of the periodontium (i.e., the alveolar bone, the periodontal ligament, and the cementum). The reestablishment of its original stru ...