细胞技术

The study of developmental mechanisms in postimplantation mammalian embryos can be performed for a short term using whole-embryo culture systems (see Chapters 7 and 8), or for an extended period using in utero (1,2) or exo utero manipulations (3). The usefulness of both in utero and exo utero surgi ...

Cell ablation can be a powerful technique for studying development. By systematically ablating cells from a developing tissue, one can gain insight into how the cells interact with each other to form the mature structure. Here we describe a new method for performing ablations. This method can be a ...

Much of the information about the fate and function of embryonic cell populations was gained in the early years of experimental embryology through ablation studies. With the advent of more sophisticated marking techniques using interspecific chimeras and molecular markers, ablat ...

The preimplantation mammalian embryo develops as a free living entity within the mother. This internal development inherently precludes facile experimental manipulation necessary to study cellular and molecular mechanisms of preimplantation development. In turn, this h ...

Proper cell-cell interactions are essential for controlling embryonic tissue development. The communications from cell to cell are transmitted through direct cell contact via adhesion molecules or short- and/or long-range signaling by diffusible molecule. The molecular bas ...

The complete description of its nearly invariant cell lineage (1,2) and the growing availability of cloned genes and markers for the cell lineage make Caenorhabditis elegans particularly favorable for mosaic analysis, and the literature is rich in examples that prove the usefulness of t ...

Embryonic skeletal muscles originate from metameric mesodermal structures called somites, which are formed according to a craniocaudal gradient from the paraxial mesoderm. In addition to providing all of the striated musculature of the body, somites give rise to the dorsal dermis and ...

Several labs have published data using tissue from genetically altered mouse embryos grafted into chick embryos (1–4). The advantages gained from this technique include the ability to analyze the behavior of a population of genetically altered cells among cells with a genetically norm ...

The development of techniques for culturing postimplantation mouse embryos has opened up the possibility of continuous observation of embryonic development in vitro. Current methods have supported extensive growth and morphogenesis of the mouse embryo from the stage of gastru ...

Because transgenesis via embryonic stem (ES) cells has become so topical in recent years, there have been a plethora of technical accounts of how to produce chimeras by introducing these cells into the preimplantation mouse conceptus, both using and avoiding micromanipulation (1–5). In the ...

Exo ovo culture of avian embryos is a technique for long-term culturing of embryos outside of their own shell and shell membranes. The problem of how to gain access to the avian embryo while allowing it to grow normally has been the subject of many studies (1). Avian embryos are subjected to various environ ...

Avian embryos provide all sorts of opportunities for the study of higher vertebrate development, especially because an experimental model, in which cells from two species are combined, has been proposed as the basis of a marking technique (1,2). Cell-marking techniques are essential in de ...

The word chimera originally referred to a mythological beast with the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a serpent, but it has come to mean any individual made up of the parts of more than one individual. Transplantation chimeras, which can be made in many species and sometimes between species, are fo ...

Lipid-soluble dyes have been found to be useful markers for studying cell lineages in embryos (1,2). They have the advantage of diffusing into or across the plasmalemma, eliminating the need for microinjection. DiI (1,1 dioctadecyl 3,3,3′,3′ tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorat ...

Classical fate mapping approaches in any embryo typically involve labeling of single cells with nondiffusible dyes by pressure or iontophoretic microinjection followed by tracing the fate(s) of those cells and their descendants throughout development. The limitation of any app ...

Cell lineage studies reveal what kinds of tissues descend from a single cell or specific region of an embryo. By defining precisely from which cells the various tissues and organs arise one can elucidate the mechanisms that control body organization, understand morphogenetic movements, ...

Complete or partial embryonic cell lineages are available for several animal model systems. In the case of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the entire embryonic cell lineage has been determined and is largely invariant (1). This makes lineage analysis a potentially useful tool for as ...

One of the virtues of using avian embryos for experimentally analyzing early developmental events is the ease with which they can be cultured and subsequently manipulated and observed. Gastrula- and neurula-stage avian embryos can be cultured for 24–48 h on their vitelline membranes (ace ...

Specific groups of cells in avian embryos can be marked using a variety of techniques and labels. Which type of technique is used depends on the purpose of the experiment. For example, individual cells can be labeled by iontophoretic injection (1) or retroviral infection (2), and clones of cells deri ...

As the next millennium dawns, developmental biology, the study of the processes that give rise to cellular diversity and order within an organism and to the continuation from one generation to the next, has reached a most exciting stage as an experimental science. In particular, in the last two deca ...