Antigen-specific T cells play a key role in cellular immune response against cancer. The ability to isolate, maintain, and characterize tumor-specific T cells is a prerequisite to studying anticancer immune response and developing novel strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Howev ...
There is an increasing awareness of the role of inflammation in cancer. Immune responses can limit the growth of some tumors, but paradoxically, may promote the growth of others. Cytokines are critical mediators of both the innate and the adaptive immune responses. In this chapter, we will descri ...
The ability to monitor gene expression in experimental and clinical samples is an essential element of modern molecular biology and cell biology research. However with the advent of a systems biology approach toward understanding cell and cancer biology, analysis of expression of a sing ...
Matrix invasion by a tumor cell requires the degradation of components in the extracellular matrix (ECM) as one of the initial steps in the metastatic process. Tumors cells achieve ECM invasion primarily through the overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of enzymes ...
Angiogenesis is an important marker for tumor growth, development, and metastasis. There are many studies to detect angiogenesis, for instance by microvessel density (MVD),though several of the studies to MVD measurement show opposite results. Measurement of MVD is a nontime-related ...
Histology, as a mean of tissue visualization on a cellular level, is a fundamental tool in the study of cancer. The need for simultaneous delivery of quality histological material for pathological evaluation and subsequent genomic and proteomic studies, however, requires modificati ...
Target identification of novel therapeutic drugs is pivotal for the establishment of (1) new anticancer regimens, (2) to control side effects of the drugs, and (3) to identify appropriate combinations with established drugs. Here, we describe several in vitro assays applicable to charac ...
The introduction of new high-throughput methodologies such as DNA microarrays constitutes a major breakthrough in cancer research. The unprecedented amount of data produced by such technologies has opened new avenues for interrogating living systems although, at the same time, it h ...
Preoperative treatment strategies are now recommended for a variety of human cancers. Unfortunately, the response of individual tumors to a preoperative treatment is not uniform, and ranges from complete regression to resistance. This poses a considerable clinical dilemma, beca ...
Gene profiling and expression analysis using microarrays have made a significant impact on our biological understanding of prostate cancer. The procedures for generating high-quality expression data from prostate cancer cell lines and tumors are not trivial. However, during the p ...
High levels of RNases present in the normal pancreas and the abundance of desmoplastic stroma of most pancreatic cancers have traditionally caused difficulty in the extraction of high-quality RNA and gene expression profiling from pancreatic tissues. However, a variety of innovati ...
During the last decade, gene expression microarrays and array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array–CGH) have unraveled the complexity of human tumor genomes more precisely and comprehensively than ever before. More recently, the simultaneous assessment of global ...
During the development of tumors, autoantibodies against aberrant or overexpressed autoantigens can be induced. Several hundreds of tumor-associated autoantibodies (TAAB) with more or less specificity for tumors have been found until now by molecular cloning and proteomics te ...
In the post-genomic era, proteomic strategies are at the forefront of cancer research. By studying the complement of all expressed genes, proteomics aims to provide knowledge of biomarkers indicative of the physiological state of cancer cells at a specific time, enabling screening, early ...
Identification of hereditary factors that predispose to cancer allows targeted cancer screening and better quantification of environmental risk factors. The ability to identify which single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with cancer or segregate with dise ...
Tumor-specific and germ-line variations of DNA significantly contribute to tumor growth and its ability to develop resistance. Among several mechanisms that cause resistance to cancer treatment, the genotype of certain growth factors, like epidermal growth factor receptor (EG ...
Calibration of microarray measurements aims at removing systematic biases from the probe-level data to get expression estimates that linearly correlate with the transcript abundance in the studied samples. The improvement of calibration methods is an essential prerequisite f ...
DNA microarray profiles are plagued by the issue of large number of variables but small number of samples and are often notorious for their low signal-to-noise ratio for clinical applications. Therefore, a great need for meta-analysis techniques is emerging to yield more valid and informat ...
Superior-quality human tissues are required to support many types of biomedical research. To be useful optimally in supporting research, not only must these tissues be accurately diagnosed, but also the specific aliquots of tissue supplied to investigators must be accurately descri ...
Within the past decade, the field of gene expression analysis has constantly evolved, with numerous technologies being available for RNA quantification, including differential display, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), quantitative real-time (qRT) polymerase chain ...
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