细胞技术

The advent of recent technologies such as gene expression microarrays and high-throughput sequencing methods has allowed for unveiling the molecular complexity of cancer. However, compared to the genomic discovery stage, the functional characterization of genes that have been f ...

Most of the current therapies against cancer, and also those against immune diseases or viral infections, consist of empirically designed combination strategies, combining a variety of therapeutic agents. Drug combinations are widely used because multiple drugs affect multiple ...

Therapeutic strategies for cancer include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation. Such therapies result in significant short-term clinical responses; however, relapses and recurrences occur with no treatments. Targeted therapies using monoclonal antibodies ha ...

The plasma membrane proteome can be defined as the entire complement of proteins present in the plasma membrane at a specific time. The process of carcinogenesis leads to changes in the array of proteins present in the plasma membrane proteome. Analysis of differential expression of such prot ...

Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) offers a robust method for the measurement of RNA levels for any gene within cells harvested at any point before or during cell culture. The key elements of RNA extraction followed by a two-step qRT-PCR method (reverse ...

Microbial contamination is a major issue in cell culture, but there are a range of procedures which can be adopted to prevent or eliminate contamination. Contamination may arise from the operator and the laboratory environment, from other cells used in the laboratory, and from reagents. Some i ...

Mycoplasma contamination may have multiple effects on cultured cell lines and this can also have a significant influence on the results of scientific studies, and certainly on the quality of cell culture products used in medicine and pharmacology. The elimination of mycoplasma contami ...

The detection of mycoplasmas in human and animal cell cultures is mandatory for every cell culture laboratory, because these bacteria are common contaminants, persist unrecognized in cell cultures for many years, and affect research results as well as the purity of cell culture products. T ...

Ovarian carcinomas show considerable heterogeneity of origin, both in terms of site and tissue. The most important and also most frequent of these tumors arise from the coelomic epithelium and are therefore characterized as epithelial ovarian carcinomas (EOC). EOC is often large and adva ...

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) keratinocytes readily grow, expand in culture, and continuously passage, suggesting either spontaneous immortalisation at the early stage of culture or inherent proliferative capacity. One feature of SCC keratinocytes is genomic DNA r ...

Recently developed methods are described for the culture of cells from primary human melanomas and benign or dysplastic naevi (moles). These allow the culture of viable cells from the great majority of such lesions, and the maintenance of what appears to be the predominant population of pigme ...

The preparation of cells from heavily contaminated tissue is challenging. It is usually best to avoid such specimens if possible, but for the study of colorectal and some other tumours, it is inevitable that this must be overcome. The best methods seem to use a combination of (1) debridement of necrot ...

Clonal variants or subpopulations have been isolated from every major histological type of cancer, and cellular heterogeneity in lung cancer is a common occurrence. These subpopulations may exhibit differences in drug resistance and invasive potential. One therefore needs to con ...

Poor cell culture practice leads to poor science due largely to issues of cross-contamination between cell lines and of microbial contamination, but can be avoided by careful quality control and good laboratory practice. This chapter provides a brief and practical outline of the steps nee ...

The advent of continuous human leukemia–lymphoma cell lines as a rich resource of abundant, accessible, and manipulable living cells has contributed significantly to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of hematopoietic tumors. The first leukemia–lymphoma cell lines ...

Antiangiogenic drugs have been used successfully for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) and several other tumor types. Until recently, viable tumor endothelial cells (TEC) and normal endothelial cells of uninvolved colon tissue (NEC) from the same patient have not been available ...

Inflammatory cells are present in many tumours, and understanding their function is of increasing importance, particularly to studies of tumour immunology. The tumour-infiltrating leukocytes encompass a variety of cell types, e.g. T lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK ...

Data on cell viability have long been obtained from in vitro cytotoxicity assays. Today, there is a focus on markers of cell death, and the MTT cell survival assay is widely used for measuring cytotoxic potential of a compound. However, a comprehensive evaluation of cytotoxicity requires addit ...

The process of carcinogenesis involves a number of changes in cellular phenotype, which are largely based on acquired genetic changes in cells that are not terminally differentiated. The ability of cancer cells to grow and their failure to respond to the usual controls on such proliferation a ...

The ATP-based tumor chemosensitivity assay (ATP–TCA) is a standardised system which can be adapted to a variety of uses with both cell lines and primary cell cultures. It has a strong track record in drug development, mechanistic studies of chemoresistance and as an aid to clinical decision-mak ...