细胞技术

Many proteins involved in Cell-Cell and cell–matrix adhesion are regulated by signal transduction pathways and can activate signal transduction on ligation. Adhesion-related signal transduction is important throughout development, hemostasis, immunity, and in diseases ...

Chronic inflammation in mucosal tissues can influence epithelial barrier function via proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. Increased mucosal levels of these cytokines have been observed in mucosal biopsies from patients with a chro ...

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) transmigration into tissues is a highly regulated process and plays a central role in host defense. In inflammatory human diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, the infiltration of intestinal mucosa by large numbers of PMNs contri ...

Both Cell-Cell adhesion and secreted signaling molecules are involved in the regulation of normal tissue development and maintenance. β-catenin seems to link cadherin-mediated Cell-Cell adhesion and Wnt signaling. Thus, its activity in particular cells or tissues, either during n ...

Adhesive interactions of cells with blood vessel walls under flow conditions are critical to a variety of processes, including hemostasis, leukocyte trafficking, tumor metastasis, and atherosclerosis. We have developed a new technique for the observation of binding interactio ...

The use of cellulosic materials as supports for immobilization of small molecules, proteins, and cells has received considerable attention for many years and possible applications have been pursued extensively (1–14). Chemically, cellulose is composed of β-D-glucopyranosyl un ...

Immobilization of proteins on intact red blood cells (RBCs) can be valuable for several different reasons. In vivo, RBCs carrying specific ligands can be targeted to cells exposing specific antigens, eventually for the delivery of drugs encapsulated in the same RBC (1). Alternatively, RBCs ...

Conventional biopolymers for entrapment of cells (e.g., calcium alginate, κ-carrageenan) are nontoxic to cells because of the natural raw materials and the gentle immobilization procedure. However, they have disadvantages in their poor mechanical stability (e.g., they are very sen ...

The use of enzymes in industrial or medical applications has been limited (except for proteases and some amylases) because most enzymes are relatively unstable and the cost of their isolation and purification is still high. In addition, it is technically very expensive to recover active enz ...

Medical applications of enzymes are found in various areas, such as diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. They are used as soluble or immobilized forms in replacement and detoxification therapies, as scavengers and as antineoplasic drugs, and also for the prevention of clot formation (1). When ...

The photosynthetic membranes of chloroplasts are responsible for capturing light energy and converting it into chemical intermediates. During this process, negatively charged species are formed and water molecules are cleaved. These properties confer to thylakoid membran ...

Immobilization of enzymes on supports is a valuable technique for increasing total productivity and life-span of biocatalysts. Conventionally, enzymes are immobilized on water-insoluble supports, such as polysaccharide derivatives, ion exchange resin, and so on. However, in a h ...

Electrochemical-based enzyme immobilization methods are a convenient way of immobilizing enzymes on microelectrodes, albeit one restricted only to amperometric sensors. They enable the immobilization to be localized at one electrode (the working electrode), frequently o ...

There are several situations in which conventional crosslinking-based immobilization is inadequate in the construction of microelectrodes, for example, when on-wafer deposition (i.e., immobilization on the whole wafer before it is diced up into individual devices) is required, ...

Chemical crosslinking is perhaps the most commonly used method for immobilizing enzymes onto microelectrodes. It is rapid, simple to perform, and has wide applicability. It may be ideal for situations in which surfaces of a few hundred micrometers are to be modified. In principle, the procedu ...

Immobilization is designed to restrict the freedom of movement of an enzyme and, in doing so, places limitations on the enzyme and the biotransformation catalyzed by the enzyme (see Chapter 1). In practical terms, this often means that the normal procedures used for assay of the soluble enzyme act ...

The ability to perform biological studies on natural killer (NK) cells requires effective methods for their isolation from hematopoietic cells of other lineages. NK cells are a discrete lymphocyte subset distinct from B and T cells based on both physical and phenotypic characteristics t ...

The human brain is a highly evolved and complex organ system, consisting of more than 10 billion nerve cells and at least three times as many glial cells. Because of its cellular complexity, it is important to develop technical approaches that allow isolation and study of nerve and glial cells under co ...

The method involved in the establishment of human adult Schwann cell cultures has steadily evolved over the last 20 yr. Unlike the more straightforward methods used with other species (e.g., rat), simple dissociation of human peripheral nerve tissue has been found to result in both very low cell yi ...

The airway epithelium occupies a critical environmental interface, protecting the host from a wide variety of inhaled insults, including chemical and particulate pollutants and pathogens. The coordinated regulation of ion and water transport, mucous secretion, and cilia beati ...