细胞技术

Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) using metaphase chromosome spreads to screen all human chromosomes for aneuploidy in preimplantation embryos is hindered by the time required to perform the analysis. DNA microarrays manufactured to date are not able to analyze the very limi ...

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) can be used to obtain single cells or a homogeneous population of cells for molecular analysis. This approach becomes even more powerful when it is combined with immunocytochemical staining using specific antibodies to label the cells of interest be ...

Microarrays containing oligonucleotide mutation probes are emerging as useful platforms for the diagnosis of genetic disease. Herein, we describe the development and validation of an inhouse microarray suitable for the diagnosis of common cystic fibrosis (CF) mutations in low-t ...

Because metabolism is fundamental to the successful functioning of a cell, perturbations in metabolism can signal compromised viability. For the assessment of viability, analyses not only must be sensitive enough to be employed at the single cell level, but also noninvasive. Ultramic ...

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is the technique of choice for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) selection of female embryos in families with X-linked disease, for which there is no mutation-specific test. FISH with target-specific DNA probes is also the primary tech ...

We provide an overview of the methodology involved in single cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR), especially for single lymphocytes or cultured lymphoblasts and blastomeres. The first step toward single cell PCR is isolation of single cells; the protocols given can be carried out using ba ...

Isolation, quantification, and genetic analysis of circulating plasma DNA have clinical applications in prenatal diagnosis, oncology, organ transplantation, posttrauma monitoring, and infectious disease. Recent technology has allowed the rapid isolation and purific ...

Cell-free fetal DNA can be detected in the blood plasma of pregnant women as early as 5 wk into pregnancy. At present noninvasive prenatal diagnosis has already begun to impact clinical practice. The established applications are for the determination of fetal sex and rhesus D blood group when the m ...

Accurate detection of gene sequences in single cells is the ultimate challenge to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sensitivity. Unfortunately, commonly used conventional and real-time PCR techniques are often too unreliable at that level to provide the accuracy needed for clinical d ...

The ErbB2/HER2 receptors are aberrantly expressed in certain mammary epithelial cancers. A recent study has shown that in a subset of these breast cancers, the HER2 receptors contribute to increased cell surface levels of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, which in turn results in increased met ...

Cell motility is now recognized as central to many biological processes. Growth factors, such as those that activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), drive biochemically and biologically distinct subsets of migration critical for (neo)organogenesis and tumor invas ...

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a ligand for the EGF receptor, a member of the erbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Activation of EGF receptor by EGF or other high-affinity ligands often results in increased migration of cells in physiological and pathological situations. There are num ...

The evaluation of cell proliferation can be accomplished by several methods. The number of cells can be determined directly by counting manually (e.g., hemocytometer) or automatically (e.g., Coulter counter or flow cytometer). The amount of DNA, which reflects the number of cells or the stage of ...

Since the isolation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) from mouse submaxillary glands in the early 1950s by Cohen and coworkers, this growth factor has been shown to have various effects on numerous cellular systems. The biological and physiological role that EGF plays during development and ...

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) represents one of the most promising molecular targets in cancer therapeutics. An array of EGFR inhibitory drugs have been developed that are progressing rapidly in oncology clinical trials. This chapter provides an overview of EGFR inhibi ...

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor possesses intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase activity, and both overexpressed wild-type and mutated forms have been associated with many types of cancers. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that modulate receptor activity and ...

This chapter provides basic information for quantifying soluble epidermal growth factor receptor (sEGFR) isoforms in human sera using an acridinium-linked immunosorbent assay (ALISA) developed by Baron and coworkers (1). This ALISA has been shown to be specific for epidermal grow ...

Besides stimulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phospholipase Cγ, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascades, in certain tissues and cells such as the heart, partotid gland, and luteal cells, activation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor also stimulates s ...

Sprouty was first discovered through its downregulatory effect on fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor pathway during tracheal development. Sprouty expression is also induced by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) cascade in some tissues, including the follicle cel ...

Interreceptor cross-talk has emerged as a general concept in cellular signaling cascades. Therein epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signal transactivation represents the so far best investigated cross-talk mechanism comprising heterogeneous receptor families. ...