细胞技术

The human Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 (9-1-1) and Rad17-RFC40-RFC38-RFC37-RFC36 (hRad17-RFC) protein complexes are important components of the mammalian deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage response. Accumulating evidence from biochemical and molecular modeling studies indicate ...

Many cell cycle transitions are controlled by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of key cell cycle regulators (1). The ubiquitin system targets substrates to the proteasome by attaching a polyubiquitin chain (2). The traditional ubiquitin transfer reaction involves a minimum of thr ...

How can bioinformatics tools help to identify particular types of proteins? In general, the answer depends on the type of protein. Alignment methods can identify similarities between two proteins. However, although database search tools are optimized to finding the best possible supe ...

Unlike many of the other topics covered in this book, the difficulty in identifying conserved checkpoint genes lies more in choosing an appropriate method than in carrying out the work. Thus, this chapter concentrates more on the alternative strategies and under which circumstances the ch ...

Chromatin structure, which plays a key role in the regulation of gene expression, is dynamically regulated by diverse posttranslational modifications. Histone-modifying proteins alter chromatin proteins through phosphorylation, adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP)-rib ...

Due to the very low titers of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in their niches, namely the bone marrow, an effective approach to isolate and expand those cells ex vivo is required to meet the needs of the increasing MSC clinical applications (e.g., therapy-resistant severe acute graft-versus-h ...

To be applied in sufficient numbers for regenerative medicine, primary mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) need to be amplified in culture. Standard cell culture involves regular passing because MSC proliferation in size-limited culture vessels stagnates due to contact inhibition of gr ...

Over the past few years, the pace of preclinical stem cell research is astonishing and adult stem cells have become the subject of intense research. Due to the presence of promising supporting preclinical data, human clinical trials for stem cell regenerative treatment of various diseases h ...

Initial attempts to cultivate mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were more successful from human than murine tissues. Methods for the in vitro expansion of murine MSCs were described more recently, but are now well established. Despite limitations such as a poor equivalence to be expected betwe ...

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that have been isolated from numerous sources including human embryonic stem cells (hES). Derivation from hES is unique in that hES must be differentiated. In our hands, trypsinizing hES into single cells and plating them on gelatin co ...

Mesenchymal stem cells, also termed multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), can be isolated from most adult tissues. Although the exact origin of MSCs expanded from the human pancreas has not been resolved, we have developed protocols to isolate and expand MSCs from human pancreatic ...

Research on mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is progressing with increasing popularity. Currently there are a significant number of clinical trials exploring the use of MSCs for the treatment of various diseases including graft-versus-host disease, Crohn’s disease, myocardial infa ...

Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) raise high hopes for tissue engineering and therapeutic �applications. So far, it is not possible to isolate pure fractions from bone marrow and therefore MSC cell preparations notoriously represent heterogeneous mixtures of different cell t ...

In recent years, human mesenchymal stem cells (multipotential stromal cells) from bone marrow (hMSCs) have attracted enormous attention owing to their broad therapeutic potential. One of the problems in the overall therapeutic use of hMSCs has been the significant variability in the cu ...

As the collection and isolation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) require invasive and often undesirable procurement procedures, investigators have begun to seek alternative sources of human MSC including the umbilical cord stroma. Here we describe the no ...

Fat tissue provides a rich and easily accessible supply of stem cells that feature the general differentiation potential and plasticity of mesenchymal stem cells. These stem cells, variably designated adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), hold a great promise for regeneration in vivo and ...

The amniotic fluid and placenta are sources of diverse progenitor cell populations, including �mesenchymal, hematopoietic, trophoblastic, and possibly more primitive stem cells. Given that much of the amniotic cavity and placenta share a common origin, namely the inner cell mass of the ...

There is growing evidence that low oxygen conditions are beneficial for in vitro stem cell culturing. Mimicking the physiological oxygen tension of the placental stem cell niche in cell expansion can �ultimately result in more robust cell expansion. Growing evidence also suggests that h ...

Dentinal repair in teeth occurs through the activity of specialized cells known as odontoblasts that are thought to be maintained by a precursor population associated with the perivascular cells within dental pulp tissue. We have previously isolated candidate dental pulp stem cells ( ...

Clinical grade human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are manufactured and used in clinical trials for a range of regenerative and inflammatory diseases. Human MSC have now been derived from tissues other than bone marrow, such as placenta, as described in this laboratory protocol. It provides i ...