细胞技术

Electroporation is a powerful technique to increase the permeability of cell membranes and subsequently introduce foreign materials into cells. Pores are created in the cell membrane upon application of an electric field (kV/cm). Most applications employ bulk electroporation, at ...

In vitro culture of mammalian cells is fundamental to various biological studies such as single cell analysis, pathological research, and drug/therapy development. However, there are limitations with the current in vitro cell culture methods. Cells tend to lose their specific functi ...

Stochastic events in gene expression, protein synthesis, and metabolite synthesis or degradation lead to cellular heterogeneity essential to life. In a tissue as we see in organs, there is strong heterogeneity among the constituting cells critical to its function. Thus, there exists a str ...

Padlock probes and rolling circle amplification are techniques which can be used for detection of DNA sequences in situ with high specificity and high signal to noise. The single-cell gel electrophoresis assay is used to measure DNA damage and repair in cells. Here, we describe how padlock probes ...

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacteria that infects the human stomach of half of the world’s �population. Colonization is followed by infiltration of the gastric mucosa by lymphocytes and myeloid cells. These cells are activated by various bacterial factors, causing them to pr ...

Acrolein and H2O2 are among the metabolic products of spermine and spermidine, and it was found that acrolein was more toxic than H2O2. It was determined whether acrolein can serve as a biochemical marker for stroke (brain infarction) and chronic renal failure. Since acrolein rapidly reacts wi ...

Ischemic reperfusion injuries such as acute renal failure, acute liver failure, stroke, and myocardial infarction are prevalent causes of morbidity and mortality. Kidney ischemic reperfusion injury is the leading cause of acute renal failure and dysfunction of transplanted kidn ...

Polyamines not only play vital physiological functions including modulating transcription and translation of genetic material, cell proliferation and growth, ion channel regulation and cell signaling, but have also been cited in the pathogenesis of diseases. Many plant and anim ...

Polyamine transport plays an important role in the homeostatic regulation of the polyamine levels. In animals, dietary polyamines are absorbed efficiently in the intestinal tract. In the colon, luminal bacterial derived polyamines are important contributors to cellular polyam ...

There is considerable evidence supporting a role of the polyamine system in the etiology and pathology of mental disorders. Changes in the expression and activity of polyamine anabolic/catabolic enzymes, as well as in the levels of individual polyamines, have been found in many psychiatr ...

Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G are three hematopoietic serine proteases, large quantities of which are stored in neutrophil cytoplasmic azurophilic granules. They act in combination with reactive oxygen species to degrade engulfed microorganisms inside p ...

Macrophages are pivotal cells in immunity against a wide range of pathogens. Their most important property, as suggested by their name, is to ingest pathogens, leading to their killing, the release of inflammatory mediators and antigen processing. On the other hand, macrophages can also be ex ...

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) regulates the differentiation, proliferation, and survival of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. The activity of CSF-1 is mediated by the CSF-1 receptor (CSFlR, CD115) that is encoded by c-fms (Csf1r) protooncogene. The c-fms gene is ...

Macrophages are a diverse phenotype of professional phagocytic cells derived from bone-marrow precursors and parent monocytes in the peripheral blood. They are essential for the maintenance and defence of host tissues, doing so by sensing and engulfing particulate matter and, when ne ...

AbstractIsolation of resident macrophages from mouse tissues involves complex procedures for a small yield. This is inconvenient for many functional macrophage assays, which require large numbers of relatively homogeneous cells. An alternative method is the culture of bone mar ...

The prevalence of fungal infections remains high, and it is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Macrophages are heterogeneous population of effectors enriched in regions of Candida colonization. These cells sense Candida, and are critical in the resolution of the ...

Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes whose activity has been implicated in physiological and pathological inflammation. The hallmarks of inflammasome activation are the secretion of the mature forms of Caspase-1 and IL-1β from cells of the innate immune system. This protocol ...

In order to perform their functions, macrophages must be activated either by Th1-type cytokines, such as interferon-gamma which is called classical activation or M1, or by Th2-type cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, etc. referred as alternative activation or M2. In all of these conditions, mac ...

Planar cell polarity (PCP) is the coordinate organization of cells within the plane of a tissue. PCP is essential for tissue function, such as for proper hearing in the vertebrate ear or for accurate vision in the Drosophila eye. Using the chick embryo, we have recently shown that during early muscle fo ...

Use of loss-of function (via antisense Morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs)) or over-expression of proteins in epithelial cells during early embryogenesis of Xenopus embryos, can be a powerful tool to understand how signaling molecules can affect developmental events. The techniq ...