细胞技术

The developing marsupial is an ideal animal for use in biomedical research. Marsupials are mammals that have been separated from eutherian mammals for over 130–140 million years. They all deliver altricial young that complete their growth and development after birth usually in a pouch, but n ...

TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) is a popular reverse genetic approach that has been successfully applied in several genetic model organisms such as zebrafish, rat, Drosophila, Arabidopsis, or medaka. In contrast to classical targeted knockout technologies th ...

Recent debates about model organisms echo far into the past; taking a longer view adds perspective to present concerns. The major approaches in the history of research on vertebrate embryos have tended to exploit different species, though there are long-term continuities too. Early ninet ...

Animal models, including the zebrafish, without a reliable embryonic stem cell system are not easily amenable to targeted mutagenesis for studying gene function. Three recent publications have shown that zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) have circumvented this shortcoming in zebrafi ...

This chapter describes a detailed protocol for deriving mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell lines from blastocysts that are produced either by fertilization or by somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT or cloning). Rather than function as a scientific communication with the experts in this field, th ...

For two decades, my lab has been studying development using two vertebrate animals, the frog Xenopus and the zebrafish, Danio. This has been both productive and challenging. The initial rationale for the choice was to compare the same process in two species, as a means to find commonalities that may ca ...

Cloning animals by nuclear transfer (NT) has been successful in several mammalian species. In addition to cloning live animals (reproductive cloning), this technique has also been used in several species to establish cloned embryonic stem (ntES) cell lines from somatic cells. It is the latt ...

Animal research is a controversial subject because of the ethical and moral implications of using unwilling research subjects in potentially painful or distressful procedures usually ending in euthanasia. As such, it must be conducted in a compassionate and responsible manner gear ...

Over the past half century, the Xenopus laevis embryo has become a popular model system for studying vertebrate early development at molecular, cellular, and multicellular levels. The year-round availability of easily fertilized eggs, the embryo’s large size and rapid development, and ...

Xenopus laevis embryos are particularly well suited to address questions requiring either knockdown or overexpression of genes in a tissue-specific fashion during vertebrate embryonic development. These manipulations are achieved by targeted injection of either antisen ...

The diploid pipid frog Xenopus tropicalis has recently emerged as a powerful new model system for combining genetic and genomic analysis of tetrapod development with embryological and biochemical assays. Its early development closely resembles that of its well-understood tetra ...

The ability to combine embryological manipulations with gene function analysis makes the chick a valuable system for the vertebrate developmental biologist. We describe methods for those unfamiliar with the chick wishing to initiate chick experiments in their lab. After outlining ...

Due to the powerful combination of genetic and embryological techniques, the teleost fish Danio rerio has emerged in the last decade as an important model organism for the study of embryonic development. It is relatively easy to inject material such as mRNA or synthetic oligonucleotides to re ...

The medaka, Oryzias latipes, a small egg-laying freshwater fish, is one of the three vertebrate model organisms in which genome-wide phenotype-driven mutant screens have been carried out. Despite a number of large-scale screens in zebrafish, a substantial number of mutants with new disti ...

The tropical fresh water minnow, Danio rerio, more commonly known as zebrafish, has emerged rapidly over the last decade as a powerful tool for developmental geneticists. External fertilization, high fecundity, a short generation time, and optical transparency of embryos during early ...

Mouse genetic approaches when combined with live imaging tools have the potential to revolutionize our current understanding of mammalian biology. The availability and improvement of a wide variety of fluorescent proteins have provided indispensable tools to visualize cells in ...

Monocytes are produced in the bone marrow and enter the blood. They generally leave the blood and enter a tissue, and then become macrophages. In healing wounds, circulating monocytes also enter the tissue and instead of becoming macrophages, can differentiate into fibroblast-like cells c ...

Emerging evidence indicates that endothelial cells (ECs) not only form the passive building blocks of blood vessels that deliver oxygen and nutrients, but also instructively participate in organ regeneration and tumorigenesis by producing tissue-specific angiocrine facto ...

In addition to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) also other types of stem cells (e.g., �mesenchymal stem cells , endothelial progenitor cells , and very small embryonic-like stem cells ) circulate under steady-state conditions at detectable levels in peripheral blood (PB), ...

The act of migration is similar for many cell types. The migratory mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is not completely elucidated, yet many of the initial studies have been based on current understanding of the leukocyte migration. A normal function of MSC is the ability of the cell to migrate to ...