细胞技术

The molecular identification and characterization of the components of receptor-signaling pathways has revealed a striking redundancy and diversity of signaling elements. For example, G protein-coupled receptors bind to a diversity of ligands, ranging from classical low-mo ...

Heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins (G proteins) act as transducers and amplifiers between activated heptahelical membrane receptors and effector systems such as enzymes, ion channels, and transporters to mediate signals from the outside to insi ...

The oocytes of several organisms—most frequently those of the African clawed toad Xenopus laevis—have been used for many years as an excellent system to study regulation of transcription, translation, protein modification processes, secretion, and protein compartmentalizat ...

Microinjection has been widely used as a technique to introduce proteins and DNA into mammalian cells. A major advantage of mrcroinjection over transfection approaches IS that tt is possible to analyze very early responses to proteins; responses to microinjected proteins can be detect ...

It is well-established that Ras activates the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade consisting of MAP kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), ERK kinase (MEK), and MEK kinase in mammals (for reviews, see refs. 1–4). MAP kinase is phosphorylated at both serme/thre ...

Cell-surface receptors regulate hydrolysis of cellular phospholipids that are catalyzed by different classes of phosphohpases having distinct specificities. Depending on cell-type and stimulus, multiple lipid signaling pathways are recruited to allow for the physiolog ...

The yeast two-hybrid system (1) is a genetic method that enables the experimentor to determine whether two proteins can form complexes within yeast cells. The method comprises expressing the proteins of interest as “hybrid” proteins, one fused to a DNA-binding domain and the other protein fus ...

The interaction between tyrosme phosphorylated growth-factor receptors and Src Homology 2 (SH2)-domain-containing proteins plays a critical role in growth-factor mediated signal transduction (1). The SH2 domains bind to receptors at phosphotyrosine residues with specif ...

The Ras-like low-molecular-weight guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins form a superfamily whose members participate in a variety of biological pathways, including the regulation of cell growth and differentiation, vesicular transport, and cytoskeletal organ ...

Protein prenylation involves the covalent attachment of Cl5 farnesyl or C20 geranylgeranyl (GG) isoprenoids to cysteine resrdues located at or near the COOH-terminus of various proteins. The majority of cellular proteins that are known to undergo this modtfrcation are small guanos ...

Several hundred viral and cellular proteins have been shown to be covalently modified by fatty acids (1–3). The two most common modifications, myristoylatron and palmitoylatron, differ with respect to the type and chemical nature of fatty acid attachment to the polypeptide backbone. Most ...

The discovery of stem cell populations in the adult central nervous system (CNS) that continually produce neurons and glial cells, and the hypothesis that they could contribute to neural plasticity/repair, has opened new and exciting areas of research in basic cell biology and regenerati ...

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are not a class of stem cell, but they are a specialized and highly plastic glial cell that can continuously support the neurogenesis and axonal regeneration of olfactory receptor neurons. Because of this, they have been transplanted into sites of spinal co ...

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which are glia from the olfactory system, have evolved as attractive candidates for transplant-mediated repair based on long-standing knowledge that the olfactory system is one of the only central nervous system tissues that can support neuroge ...

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have been identified in the mature central nervous system (CNS), and they reside in specific areas. Cultures of NSCs can be successfully established in vitro by exploiting the NeuroSphere assay. This methodology relies on the continuous exposure of neural cells to mi ...

Self-renewing multipotent stem/progenitor cells have been isolated from various areas of the adult central nervous system, both neurogenic and non-neurogenic, in vitro by using a variety of mitogens and culture conditions. Mitogenic growth factors stimulate the proliferation of ...

Isolation and characterization of neural stem cells and lineage-specific progenitors provide important information for central nervous system development study and regenerative medicine. We describe methods for dissection of rodent embryonic spinal cords by enzymatic s ...

Recent work shows that major developmental and clinical processes such as central nervous system regeneration and carcinogenesis involve stem cells (SCs) in the brain. In spite of this importance, the requirements of these SCs and their differentiated offspring (neurons, astrocyt ...

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent and capable of indefinite self-renewal in vitro. These features make them a highly advantageous source for deriving any cell type of the central and peripheral nervous system. We describe neural induction of human (h)ESCs, by using the bone morpho ...

Research of stem cells will enable us to understand the development and function of tissues and organs in mammals. The ability to induce regeneration of new tissues from embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from cloned blastocysts via nuclear transfer can be expected in the not-too-distant futu ...