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A large number of methods devoted to the identification of apoptotic cells and the analysis of the morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes that take place during this universal biological process have been developed. Apoptotic cells are recognized on the basis of their reduc ...

The knowledge of accurate molecular structures obtained by X-ray protein crystallography is now inevitable for rational drug design and for understanding the molecular basis underlying genetic disorders found in patients. However, preparing protein crystals suitable for st ...

Microarray analysis is a powerful technique for high-throughput, global transcriptonomic profiling of gene expression. It holds great promise for analyzing the genetic and molecular bases of cardiovascular diseases and various other complex diseases and permits the analysis ...

Integrin αIIbβ3 is a heterodimeric (α/β) cell surface receptor critical for platelet aggregation, and its dysfunction is linked to thrombosis and a number of other vascular diseases. Upon agonist stimulation, which leads to platelet aggregation, αIIbβ3 is activated via a distinct insi ...

Electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) techniques have wide applications for the study of biological structures. The focus of this chapter is the use of cryo-EM and associated methods for the analysis of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of proteins and multicomponent macromolecu ...

Proteomics is a large-scale, comprehensive study of the proteins of a cell or organism. It is a unique means of characterizing proteins that are expressed in a cell or tissue at any given time-point and of identifying any modifications that they may undergo. Thus, it is a powerful technology that can det ...

The transgenic mouse technology is a powerful tool that can be used for creating animal models for cardiovascular disease to identify molecular pathogenic mechanisms and for identifying the physiological functions of a novel gene. A transgenic animal can be generated by several metho ...

As our knowledge of the species differences in drug metabolism and drug-induced hepatotoxicity has expanded significantly, the need for human-relevant in vitro hepatic model systems has become more apparent than ever before. Human hepatocytes have become the “gold standard” for eva ...

Hepatocyte transplantation has become an alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation for the treatment of liver metabolic diseases. However, there is an increasing lack of donor organs and isolated mature hepatocytes are difficult to manipulate and cannot be expanded in vitr ...

Recent developments in animal models have allowed the creation of mice with genetic alterations that cause hepatocyte damage that results, over time, in the loss of native hepatocytes. If donor, human hepatocytes are transplanted into these animals, they repopulate the host liver, frequ ...

The liver has an extraordinary faculty to regenerate. Hepatocytes are highly differentiated cells that, despite a resting G0 state in the normal quiescent liver, can re-enter the cell cycle to reconstitute the organ after an injury. However, the first cell therapy approaches trying to harne ...

Worldwide, it is estimated that more than 350 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), approximately 15 million of whom are coinfected with hepatitis D virus (HDV), a satellite of HBV that uses the envelope proteins of the latter to assemble its infectious particles. ...

Investigations on the biology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been hampered by the lack of small animal models. Efforts have therefore been directed to designing practical and robust cellular models of human origin able to support HCV replication and production in a reproducible and physiol ...

Coagulation is the complex process by which activation of plasmatic haemostasis proteins ends up with the generation of fibrin. Most of the plasma coagulation proteins are synthesized in hepatocytes. The aim of this chapter is to describe experimental procedures allowing to measure the ...

De novo synthesis of bile acids is a liver-specific function that is difficult to maintain in cultured cells. There are significant species differences in both types of bile acids formed and more importantly in the regulation of bile acid homeostasis. This highlights the need for a good human in vi ...

The liver is very active in metabolizing foreign compounds and the major target for toxicity caused by drugs. Hepatotoxicity may be the result of the drug itself or, more frequently, a result of the bioactivation process and the production of reactive metabolites. Prioritization of compoun ...

The liver is the major organ metabolising drugs. The hepatocyte contains a number of drug-metabolising enzyme systems, which most often generate a complex pattern of drug metabolites. Isolated primary hepatocytes would be an ideal in vitro model for drug metabolism research but erratic a ...

In vitro hepatocyte models represent very useful systems in both fundamental research and various application areas. Primary hepatocytes appear as the closest model for the liver in vivo. However, they are phenotypically unstable, have a limited life span and in addition, exhibit large i ...

Over the last decade the interest in hepatocyte transplantation has been growing continuously and this treatment may represent an alternative clinical approach for patients with acute liver failure and life-threatening liver-based metabolic disorders. The technology also s ...

A variety of bioartificial liver support systems were developed to replace some of the liver’s function in case of liver failure. Those systems, in contrast to purely artificial systems, incorporate metabolically active cells to contribute synthetic and regulatory functions as well as ...