更多资讯

In situ hybridization of specific DNA or RNA sequences to cellular targets was developed over 20 yr ago (1,2). The early techniques employed isotopically labeled probes and subsequent autoradiographic detection using a photographic emulsion overlying the metaphase chromosomes, ...

Cytogenetic methods have become increasingly important tools for both research in hematological malignancies and for the diagnostic workup of leukemias and lymphomas. The knowledge about specific chromosomal aberrations has been an essential prerequisite for the identif ...

The discovery of the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) by Novell and Hungerford in 1960 (1), the subsequent clarification of this chromosomal abnormality as areciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q1 1) by Rowley in 1973 (2), the identification of the genes invol ...

During the past 20 yr, molecular biology and molecular genetics have provided techniques and procedures that allow the precise diagnoses of leukemias and lymphomas (for a review, see ref. 1). These methodologies have provided powerful, robust, and precise characterizations of genetic ...

The chemical stability of the central nervous system (CNS) is safeguarded by two major barrier systems that separate the systemic circulation from the cerebral compartment. Within the cerebral compartment, the interstitial fluid (ISF) flows between neurons and the cerebrospinal f ...

The human airway epithelium forms a barrier between the external and internal environments, separating air from the interstitial space. However, it also serves many other functions. By active transepithelial transport of electrolytes, it controls the composition and quantity of t ...

Epithelial tissues, whether protective (such as skin or gut), or secretory (glandular linings) are required to withstand both physical and chemical stress, while at the same time maintaining normal tissue turnover. Much of this stress resistance is provided by a specialized cytoskelet ...

This chapter will outline a number of assays in use in the authors′ laboratory for the quantification of apoptosis in cultured mammary epithelial cells. These assays are each directed at particular stages of apoptosis, which are outlined below. There are a number of commercial assays availab ...

The outer layer of human skin is the epidermis. More than 90% of the epidermal cells are keratinocytes, which originate from stem cells, located in the basal cell layer (Stratum basale). Keratinocytes in the basal layer divide, differentiate, and migrate to the outer layer of the epidermis, the horny ...

Integrin receptors mediate the adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix and to other cells. They play a significant role in a variety of biological functions

In patients who sustain large burns, it is difficult to cover the wounds with the patient’s own skin. Therefore, various materials such as allo-skin, porcine skin, and artificial skin have been used as biological dressings. However, only the patient’s own skin can survive permanently and succeed ...

Cultured human epithelium (autografts) have been used su+ccessfully since 1980 as a permanent cover for large full skin thickness burn wounds (1,1. They were also applied successfully to treat traumatic scars, giant nevi, and tattoo (3,1). The use of allogenic cultured epithelium (allogr ...

In order to study the growth regulation of normal human epithelium, we have developed an outgrowth culture system (1). Cinematographic observation has revealed that the cells migrate and proliferate in a coordinated manner. For example, an outgrowth will expand concentrically as a cell s ...

Crystalline lens consists of epithelial cells, fiber cells, and a capsule. They originate from lens epithelial cells. Epithelial cells differentiate into fiber cells and produce collagen, which is the major compound of the capsule. The lens epithelial cells maintain normal physiology ...

The popularity of epithelial cell lines in studies of drug transport processes can probably be explained by the ease with which new information is derived from these rather simple in vitro models. Drug transport studies in epithelial cell monolayers grown on permeable supports are easy to pe ...

Drugs can be inhaled and absorbed throughout the conducting airway from the trachea down to the bronchioles and ultimately in the distal lung across the alveolar epithelium. The respiratory tract offers a large surface area, extensive vasculature, and significantly lower enzymatic a ...

X-ray microanalysis is a technique of elemental analysis that is carried out in an electron microscope. The technique is based on the generation of characteristic X-rays in atoms of the specimen by the incident beam electrons. These X-rays are characteristic for the element from which they ori ...

Studies of the rat mammary carcinogenesis model have provided useful information on the mechanisms of human breast cancer. The rat model demonstrated that chemical carcinogens are causative agents of mammary cancer and that initiation of cancer requires the interaction of the carci ...

Biological membranes serve as physical barriers and electrical insulators to separate different aqueous compartments, such as the intracellular and extracellular environments. In electrical terms, membranes that separate highly conductive aqueous media represent ca ...

Carcinogenesis, in both humans and experimental animals, is recognized to represent a multistep process involving a sequence of morphophenotypical changes, which may lead to malignant transformation. Various in vivo and in vitro models were developed to better mechanistically u ...