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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) arises when the endocrine pancreas fails to secrete sufficient insulin to cope with the metabolic demand because of β-cell secretory dysfunction and/or decreased β-cell mass. Defining the nature of the pancreatic islet defects present in T2D has been diffic ...

Male Zucker diabetic fatty fa/fa (ZDF) rats develop obesity and insulin resistance at a young age, and then with aging, progressively develop hyperglycemia. This hyperglycemia is associated with impaired pancreatic β-cell function, loss of pancreatic β-cell mass, and decreased resp ...

Insulin deficiency is the underlying cause of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. The gerbil Psammomys obesus (P. obesus) is a naturally insulin resistant rodent with tendency to develop diet-induced hyperglycemia associated with obesity. P. obesus does not exhibit hyperglycemia in its ...

The TALLYHO/Jng (TH) mouse is an inbred polygenic model for type 2 diabetes (T2D) with moderate obesity. Both male and female TH mice are characterized by increased body and fat pad weights, hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. Glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia ...

The New Zealand Obese (NZO) mouse is one of the most thoroughly investigated polygenic models for the human metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. It presents the main characteristics of the disease complex, including early-onset obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hyper ...

The leptin receptor deficient db/db mouse has served as a rodent model for obesity and type 2 diabetes for more than 40 years. Diabetic features in db/db mice follow an age-dependent progression, with early insulin resistance followed by an insulin secretory defect resulting in profound hype ...

Diabetes is one of the major global public health problems and is gradually getting worse particularly in developing nations where 95% of patients are suffering from type 2 diabetes (T2D). Animal models in diabetes research are very common where rodents are the best choice of use due to being small ...

The BB rat is an important rodent model of human type 1 diabetes (T1D) and has been used to study mechanisms of diabetes pathogenesis as well as to investigate potential intervention therapies for clinical trials. The Diabetes-Prone BB (BBDP) rat spontaneously develops autoimmune T1D betwe ...

Akita mice have type 1 diabetes mellitus caused by a spontaneous point mutation in the Ins2 gene which leads to misfolding of insulin, resulting in pancreatic β-cell failure. Akita mice develop pronounced and sustained hyperglycemia, high levels of albuminuria, and consistent histopa ...

The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops type 1 diabetes (T1D) and has thus served as a model for understanding the genetic and immunological basis, and treatment, of T1D. Since its initial description in 1980, however, the field has matured and recognized that prevention of d ...

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is being increasingly recognized as a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. Given the increasing prevalence of obesity in western countries, NAFLD has become an important public health problem. The principal aim of this study w ...

During mitosis, the Golgi membranes in mammalian cells undergo a continuous disassembly process and generate mitotic fragments that are distributed into the daughter cells and reassembled into new Golgi after mitosis. This disassembly and reassembly process is critical for Golgi b ...

Plasma membrane proteins are critical for the maintenance of biological systems and represent important targets for the treatment of disease. The hydrophobicity and low abundance of plasma membrane proteins make them difficult to analyze. The protocols given here are the efficient i ...

The detergent-resistant membrane skeletons play a critical role in cell shaping and signaling. The focus of the methods described in this chapter is first on the preparation of membrane skeletons from liver by multistep sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and then on the analysis of ...

Peroxisomes exhibit a heterogeneous morphological appearance in rat liver tissue. In this respect, the isolation and subsequent biochemical characterization of peroxisome species from different subcellular prefractions should help to solve the question of whether perox ...

In this chapter we explore the inducible cytochrome P450 (CYP) forms as an example of membrane proteins analysis that relies on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) fractionation with subsequent mass spectrometric (MS) identification. The app ...

The present chapter describes methods for the separation and identification of proteins in liver metabolism through a comparison of the protein expression profiles of the two breeds taken into account as a model: Holstein Friesian and Chianina cattle. The liver has received special atte ...

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic necroinflammatory disease of the liver with a poorly understood etiology. Detection of non-organ-specific and liver-related autoantibodies using immunoserological approaches has been widely used for diagnosis and prognosis. Howev ...

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is the causative agent of one of the most severe forms of virus hepatitis. HDV is a satellite virus of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and coinfects or superinfects liver cells already infected with HBV. Investigation of HDV biology and pathogenesis has been so far impaired by the lack of an a ...

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are currently used in anticancer therapy to perturb genomic targets involved in gene transcriptional responses. However, the role of HDAC inhibitors on the acetylation of proteins outside of the transcriptional network has not been thoroug ...