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Our ability to manipulate stem cells in order to induce differentiation along a desired developmental pathway has improved immeasurably in recent years. That is in part because we have a better understanding of the intracellular and extracellular signals that regulate differentia ...

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, have been historically cultured in media containing xenogeneic animal components. As hPSC-derived cells and tissues are being developed for human therapies, the applica ...

Cell-based tissue engineering is one of the most promising areas in biotechnology for restoring tissues and organ function in the urinary tract. Current strategies for bladder tissue engineering require a competent biological scaffold that is seeded in vitro with the patient’s own bla ...

The following methods outline the procedures for isolating primary renal cells from kidney tissue via enzymatic digestion, followed by their culture, harvest, and then fractionation of renal subpopulations from primary culture. The current methods describe procedures to sub-f ...

Activity of cytochrome p450 (CYP450) enzyme is used to measure the ability of hepatocytes to metabolize pharmaceutical compounds. When determining functionality of hepatocytes, the cells may be induced in order to determine metabolic activity after drug induction. Hepatocytes, ...

Pulsatile cell bodies, three-dimensional cell clusters with satellite streaming cells, can be isolated from �esophageal tissue. One of the key features of these clusters is that they pulsate at rhythmic rates and demonstrate contractility under several in vitro conditions. Their ab ...

Presented below is a methodology for the isolation, expansion, and maintenance of urothelial cells derived from human bladder. Such bladder-derived urothelial cells, taken together with bladder or alternately sourced smooth muscle cells, may be complexed with an appropriately sh ...

The isolation of smooth muscle cells from bladder tissue is a valuable technique used in cell biology research and tissue engineering. Smooth muscle cells can be used for analysis in many areas including, but not limited to, cell function and genotype experimentation. Smooth muscle cells can a ...

The accurate interpretation of histological outcomes is a critical endpoint in preclinical studies. Thus, the toxicologic pathologist plays a vital role in conducting a comprehensive microscopic evaluation that would ultimately help defining the safety and functionality in T ...

Determining the in vivo response to cellular therapies is important in evaluating the effectiveness of regenerative medicine therapies. Such treatment modalities leverage the treated individual’s ability to elicit the body’s innate healing response to repair/regenerate da ...

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is an important technique for evaluation of the efficiency of endothelialization of tissue-engineered constructs incorporating a surface endothelial cell layer. Here, we describe methodologies for the preparation of such constructs for S ...

Regenerative constructs composed of synthetically sourced, biodegradable biomaterials seeded with smooth muscle-like cells have been leveraged to mediate regeneration of bladder and bladder-like neo-organs. Here, we describe how such constructs may be applied to catalyze r ...

Here, we describe the use of a mouse model as a living bioreactor for the generation of tissue-engineered small intestine. Small intestine is harvested from donor mice with subsequent isolation of organoid units (a cluster of mesenchymal and epithelial cells). Some of these organoid units co ...

As a result of significant progress made in the last years in developing methods of whole organ decellularization techniques, organ bioengineering may now look more feasible than ever before. In this chapter, we describe in detail the necessary steps in human liver bioengineering. These in ...

Delivery of cells to organs has primarily relied on formulating the cells in a nonviscous liquid carrier. We have developed a methodology to isolate selected renal cells (SRC) that have provided functional stability to damaged kidneys in preclinical models (Kelley et al. Poster presenta ...

Bioengineered skin has great potential for use in regenerative medicine for treatment of severe wounds such as burns or chronic ulcers. Genetically modified skin substitutes have also been used as cell-based devices or “live bioreactors” to deliver therapeutics locally or systemic ...

Islet transplantation is the most exciting treatment option for individuals afflicted with Type 1 diabetes. However, the severe shortage of human pancreas and the need to use risky immunosuppressive drugs to prevent transplant rejection remain two major obstacles for the routine use of ...

Diabetes is a debilitating condition which can lead to chronic vascular, renal, and ophthalmic disease. Type I or Juvenile Diabetes is caused by the destruction of beta cells within the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas. The beta cells are able to maintain tight control of blood glucose lev ...

Human adipose-derived adult stem cells (ASCs) represent a unique population of multipotent stem cells. Their utility in a variety of tissue engineering applications, and as a model system for the study of molecular mechanisms of differentiation, is well established. In addition, their r ...

Bioreactors are assembled tools conceived to exploit engineering principles with inbuilt biological �relevance. Such reactors are created as in vitro models to better replicate natural in vivo organs. These biotools are subsets within the interdisciplinary tissue engineeri ...