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The t(14;18)(q32;q21) can be detected in approximately 80% of cases of follicular lymphoma (FL). This translocation juxtaposes the BCL2 oncogene at 18q21 with the IGH@ at 14q32, and leads to overexpression of BCL2 protein which protects the cells from apoptosis. The high degree of sequence homol ...

Certain lymphoma types are characterized by recurring genetic translocations. Detection of these translocations enables confirmation of a suspected diagnosis and provides a genetic marker which can be subsequently monitored and followed. Rapid and reliable identificati ...

Although well-established diagnostic criteria exist for mature B-cell neoplasms, a definitive diagnosis of a B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder cannot always be obtained using more conventional techniques such as flow cytometric immunophenotyping, conventional cy ...

Although clinical requests for D-dimer are generally in the minority of assays in the routine clinical laboratory, they are an important aspect—especially if the laboratory supports an active emergency room and hematology service. Throughout the literature, D-dimer assays have been ...

Increased levels of lipoprotein(a) are known as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis, heart disease, and stroke in man. Even in children it could show that elevated levels of Lp(a) are an independent thromboembolic risk factor. Levels of Lp(a) are influenced by several factors like nu ...

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease and is a risk factor for a number of clinical manifestations; the classic presentations include fetal death or thrombosis (arterial or venous thromboembolism), in the presence of persistently increased titers of antiphosp ...

An elevated homocysteine level is a well-known thrombophilic risk factor. Determination of total plasma homocysteine therefore is an integrated part of the diagnostic setting after thromboembolic events; about 5–7% of the population do have elevated homocysteine levels. Some for ...

Protein S (PS) is a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein. Around 60–70% of PS in plasma is noncovalently bound to C4-binding protein (C4BP). Free PS functions as a cofactor that enhances the activity of activated protein C (APC) in the proteolytic degradation of activated factors V and VIII. PS al ...

Protein C (PC) is a 62-kDa vitamin K-dependent plasma zymogen which, after activation to serine protease, plays an important role in the physiologic regulation of blood coagulation. Given that PC is one of the major naturally occurring inhibitors of coagulation, acquired or hereditary def ...

Antithrombin (AT) is a heparin cofactor and a member of the serine protease inhibitor family (serpin). The mature AT molecule is composed of 432 amino acids and it is produced mainly in the liver. Initially, several different AT activities in plasma were reported, leading to the classification of a ...

The platelet neutralization test is used in the laboratorvy diagnosis of the lupus anticoagulant (Laffan and Manning, Dacie and Lewis practical haematology. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, PA, pp 445–446, 2006). The lupus anticoagulant typically causes prolongation of ph ...

The dilute Russell’s viper venom time is a clot-based test used in the detection of the lupus anticoagulant in the laboratory. Lupus anticoagulants and the overall approach for their detection are described in Chapter 7.

The kaolin clotting time (KCT) is a sensitive test used in the laboratory detection of lupus anticoagulants (LA) (Derksen and de Groot, Thromb Res 114:521–526, 2004). It is essentially an activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test with no added phospholipid. Kaolin acts as the activator ...

Hemophilia A is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of factor VIII coagulant activity (FVIII:C). Patients are treated with infusions of either plasma-derived or recombinant factor VIII. However, some patients develop inhibitory antibodies (inhibitors) to infu ...

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is caused by platelet-activating immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies that recognize multimolecular complexes of platelet factor 4 (PF4) bound to heparin or other polyanions. Most laboratory assays for HIT have a high sensitivity for anti-P ...

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is being assayed with increasing frequency by researchers attempting to further understand the complexities of the coagulation system. There are a number of methods available for measurement of TFPI; however immunological measurement by E ...

Protamine titration is the gold standard method for the measurement of unfractionated heparin (UFH) concentration in plasma. Protamine titration produces reliable and reproducible results; however it is �generally not considered a convenient assay for current clinical mana ...

The reptilase time is a functional plasma clotting assay, which is based on the enzymatic activity of batroxobin. By specifically cleaving fibrinogen A from fibrinogen, batroxobin leads to the formation of a stable fibrin clot. The time, starting from the addition of batroxobin to the plasma s ...

The anti-factor Xa (anti-Xa) assay is a functional assay that facilitates the measurement of antithrombin (AT)-catalyzed inhibition of factor Xa by unfractionated heparin (UFH) and direct inhibition of factor Xa by low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) (Kitchen, Br J Haematol 111:397 ...

Flow cytometry is a powerful and versatile tool which can be used to provide substantial phenotypic data on platelets by yielding quantitative information of their physical and antigenic properties. This includes surface expression of functional receptors, bound ligands, expre ...