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Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infects virtually the entire human population and infection persists throughout the lifetime of its host. EBV has been associated with the development of a wide variety of neoplasms, including lymphoma, carcinoma, and sarcoma. In addition, EBV-associated ly ...

Epstein–Barr encoding region (EBER) in situ hybridization is the methodology of choice for the detection of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in tissue sections. Because of the large numbers of copies of EBERs present in latently infected cells, non-isotopic methods can be used. Positive studies ...

Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is characterized by molecular abnormalities involving ALK gene located at 2p23 which results in an overexpression of ALK. Nine different rearrangements of ALK gene have been reported; the t(2;5)(p23;q35) is the most common. The t(2;5) fuses the NPM gene at ...

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is characterized by the presence of t(11;14)(q13;q32) which juxtaposes CCND-1 gene (also known as BCL-1, PRAD-1) at 11q13 with an enhancer of the IGH@ gene at 14q32. The resultant overexpression of cyclin D1 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of MCL. The breakpoints ...

The t(14;18)(q32;q21) can be detected in approximately 80% of cases of follicular lymphoma (FL). This translocation juxtaposes the BCL2 oncogene at 18q21 with the IGH@ at 14q32, and leads to overexpression of BCL2 protein which protects the cells from apoptosis. The high degree of sequence homol ...

Certain lymphoma types are characterized by recurring genetic translocations. Detection of these translocations enables confirmation of a suspected diagnosis and provides a genetic marker which can be subsequently monitored and followed. Rapid and reliable identificati ...

Although well-established diagnostic criteria exist for mature B-cell neoplasms, a definitive diagnosis of a B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder cannot always be obtained using more conventional techniques such as flow cytometric immunophenotyping, conventional cy ...

Although clinical requests for D-dimer are generally in the minority of assays in the routine clinical laboratory, they are an important aspect—especially if the laboratory supports an active emergency room and hematology service. Throughout the literature, D-dimer assays have been ...

Increased levels of lipoprotein(a) are known as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis, heart disease, and stroke in man. Even in children it could show that elevated levels of Lp(a) are an independent thromboembolic risk factor. Levels of Lp(a) are influenced by several factors like nu ...

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease and is a risk factor for a number of clinical manifestations; the classic presentations include fetal death or thrombosis (arterial or venous thromboembolism), in the presence of persistently increased titers of antiphosp ...

An elevated homocysteine level is a well-known thrombophilic risk factor. Determination of total plasma homocysteine therefore is an integrated part of the diagnostic setting after thromboembolic events; about 5–7% of the population do have elevated homocysteine levels. Some for ...

Protein S (PS) is a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein. Around 60–70% of PS in plasma is noncovalently bound to C4-binding protein (C4BP). Free PS functions as a cofactor that enhances the activity of activated protein C (APC) in the proteolytic degradation of activated factors V and VIII. PS al ...

Protein C (PC) is a 62-kDa vitamin K-dependent plasma zymogen which, after activation to serine protease, plays an important role in the physiologic regulation of blood coagulation. Given that PC is one of the major naturally occurring inhibitors of coagulation, acquired or hereditary def ...

Antithrombin (AT) is a heparin cofactor and a member of the serine protease inhibitor family (serpin). The mature AT molecule is composed of 432 amino acids and it is produced mainly in the liver. Initially, several different AT activities in plasma were reported, leading to the classification of a ...

The platelet neutralization test is used in the laboratorvy diagnosis of the lupus anticoagulant (Laffan and Manning, Dacie and Lewis practical haematology. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, PA, pp 445–446, 2006). The lupus anticoagulant typically causes prolongation of ph ...

The dilute Russell’s viper venom time is a clot-based test used in the detection of the lupus anticoagulant in the laboratory. Lupus anticoagulants and the overall approach for their detection are described in Chapter 7.

The kaolin clotting time (KCT) is a sensitive test used in the laboratory detection of lupus anticoagulants (LA) (Derksen and de Groot, Thromb Res 114:521–526, 2004). It is essentially an activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test with no added phospholipid. Kaolin acts as the activator ...

Hemophilia A is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of factor VIII coagulant activity (FVIII:C). Patients are treated with infusions of either plasma-derived or recombinant factor VIII. However, some patients develop inhibitory antibodies (inhibitors) to infu ...

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is caused by platelet-activating immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies that recognize multimolecular complexes of platelet factor 4 (PF4) bound to heparin or other polyanions. Most laboratory assays for HIT have a high sensitivity for anti-P ...

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is being assayed with increasing frequency by researchers attempting to further understand the complexities of the coagulation system. There are a number of methods available for measurement of TFPI; however immunological measurement by E ...