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Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) is a powerful method for separation of complex mixtures of proteins. The standard procedure is not, however, well suited to analysis of articular cartilage, which contains high concentrations of proteoglycans, the polyanionic glycosami ...

The pathological importance of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is now widely accepted. Ex vivo data from synovial cell cultures suggest that direct cell contact between activated T-cells and macrophages may be an important driver of macrophage TNF-α producti ...

Phage display has represented a phenomenal technological advance of the last two decades. This technique is a very effective way of producing large numbers (up to 1012) of diverse peptides and proteins (including antibodies), presented as fusion proteins on the viral capsid, that can be used f ...

Methods for high efficiency gene transfer into primary cells of various lineages and disease states are desirable, as they remove the uncertainties associated with using transformed cell lines. Adenoviruses have evolved to deliver their genes into cells with high efficiency and in rec ...

As the result of its apparent structural and histological simplicity, adipose tissue (AT) functions initially were limited to energy storage, insulation, and thermoregulation. Only decades later was the extraordinarily dynamic role of AT recognized, revealing its participati ...

Adipose tissue synthesizes factors involved in the body's homeostasis. Thus, measurements of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) concentrations are important to study the involvement of adipose tissue in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions, in partic ...

When isolated from tissue, white adipose cells are round, and their interior is filled with a large (80–120 μm) droplet of stored triglyceride, leaving a thin (1–2-μm) layer of cytoplasm between the lipid droplet and the plasma membrane. Their three-dimensional architecture, together with t ...

Lipolysis involves the sequential breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol. The extent of lipolysis is therefore a key determinant of the energy status of an individual and also dictates insulin resistance. Here, we describe a protocol for estimating lipolysis in mu ...

Glucose is the main metabolic fuel in mammalian cells. Glucose entry into cells is facilitated by a family of ubiquitously expressed glucose transporter proteins. Typically, glucose transporters are localized on the plasma membrane. One notable exception is the glucose transporter ...

Adipogenesis is an important component of adipose tissue development and growth. Alterations in adipogenesis may promote adipose tissue insulin resistance and inflammation. The ability of preadipocytes to differentiate into mature adipocytes depends on the activation of ph ...

Adipose tissue plays a critical role in energy homeostasis, not only in storing triglycerides, but also in responding to nutrient, neural, and hormonal signals, and secreting adipokines that control feeding, thermogenesis, immunity, and neuroendocrine function. It is conceivable ...

In vivo adipose tissue quantification is an important tool to characterize phenotypes of obesity, especially in the human. The amount and distribution of adipose tissue is associated with many of the adverse consequences of obesity. Recent studies suggest that adipose tissue is not a sing ...

Brown and white adipose tissue have recently gained prominence as key players in obesity and related health problems, such as type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Brown adipose tissue-dependent nonshivering thermogenesis significantly affects the body's energy bala ...

Angiogenesis is required for the growth and expansion of both healthy and pathological tissues. The plasticity of the adipose tissue is reflected by its remarkable ability to expand or to reduce in size throughout the adult lifespan. We, and others, have recently shown that expansion of fat mass is ...

Regulation of blood flow in tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue is needed to meet the changing local metabolic and physiological demands under varying conditions. In healthy individuals, adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) is remarkably responsive to meal ingestion, ...

Brown and white adipose tissues in mammals have a number of similar properties, such as lipid storage and adipokine production, but also distinctive properties. The energy-storing white adipose tissue has few mitochondria and low oxidative capacity. The heat-producing brown adipose ...

Role of specific reactive lipids as well as amino acids in control of insulin signalling in adipose tissue is well recognized. Since it is practically impossible to measure the levels of all metabolites in the biological sample simultaneously with a single analytical platform, we utilize mu ...

The spinal cord represents a complex system that serves in the encoding of sensory information and organization of autonomic and somatomotor outflow. As such, it has become a target of investigation for subjects ranging from pain to hypertension to motor spasticity. A primary method in such i ...

The electrical signal associated with nerve cells, mainly as a result of changes in the membrane potential during functional activity, can be recorded extracellularly to study central mechanisms underlying sensory processing. The secondary neurons in the spinal trigeminal comp ...

The dorsal horn of the spinal cord is a key relay in the transmission of sensory information to the brain. Furthermore, this circuitry of spinal-cord neurons, and hence the spinal processing of sensory information, is subject to a great deal of plasticity, both pharmacological and physiologic ...