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Blood plasma is believed the most complex human-derived proteome, containing other tissue proteome subsets. Almost all body cells communicate with the plasma, either directly or through tissues or biological fluids, and many of these cells release at least a part of their content into the pl ...

Serum is a readily available source for diagnostic assays, but the identification of disease-specific serum biomarkers has been impeded by the dominance of human serum albumin (HSA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the serum proteome. Therefore, in order to observe lower-abundance serum pr ...

The human mitochondrial proteome database has been developed by deriving data from a combination of public repositories and experimental and computational prediction methods. The experimental data is derived from highly purified mitochondria from human heart tissue, whereas ...

Combinatorial phage display technology may be applied to decipher the molecular diversity of peptide binding specificity to isolated proteins, purified antibodies, cell surfaces, intracellular/cyto-domains, and blood vessels in vivo. The application of such a strategy rang ...

Human essential hypertension is a complex, multifactorial, quantitative trait under polygenic control. Despite major recent advances in genome sequencing and statistical tools, the genetic dissection of essential hypertension still provides a formidable challenge. Gen ...

Gene-targeting technology allows the planned alteration of any gene in the mouse genome and has been very successfully employed to study the function of numerous gene products in a complete animal. The method includes the design of a suitable targeting construct, its transfection into plu ...

This chapter describes the generation of transgenic mice and rats by microinjection of DNA constructs into the pronucleus of a zygote. The transgene DNA is randomly integrated as several tandem copies at one site into the genome and is transmitted to the offspring of the founder animal derived f ...

The most common techniques currently employed for monitoring blood pressure (BP) in conscious rats and mice are the tail cuff and the exteriorized catheter that feeds a pressure transducer located outside the cage. There are, however, considerable drawbacks associated with these meth ...

Endothelial production of oxygen free radicals, especially superoxide anion (O2), is an important mechanism of vascular dysfunction in hypertension. Overproduction of oxygen free radicals, mainly O2 - occurs in human hypertension and in a wide variety of animal models. Thus, analysis ...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in the pathogenesis of vascular disease states. In particular, superoxide anion participates in endothelial dysfunction mainly owing to its rapid interaction with NO, but also as it causes direct biological effects and serves as a prog ...

Wire myography is an in vitro technique that allows us to examine functional responses and vascular reactivity of isolated small resistance arteries. Vessels from various species, including transgenic models, and vascular beds can be examined in a variety of pathological disease sta ...

Single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis is a simple and sensitive technique for mutation detection and genotyping. The principle of SSCP analysis is based on the fact that single-stranded DNA has a defined conformation. Altered conformation due to a single base ch ...

Total undegraded cellular RNA, largely free of contaminating DNA, can be rapidly and easily isolated from homogenized tissue or cultured cells using acid pH guanidinium thiocyanate /phenol/chloroform extraction. Commercially available acid phenol/guanidinium thiocya ...

Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) is a chromatographic mutation analysis technique that is based on temperature-dependent separation of DNA containing mismatched base pairs from polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified DNA fragments. The WA ...

The Human Genome Project has led to the discovery of millions of DNA sequence variants in the human genome. The majority of these variants are single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Availability of an ultra-high-density SNP map, combined with improvement in genotyping technologies ...

TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a sensitive and reliable method that is widely used around the world. However, its inability to carry out assays using only small amounts of template DNA represents a serious limitation of the method. Recently, measurement of very small quan ...

Monitoring changing levels of mRNA by hybridization analysis relies on the use of labeled probes. The development of antisense single-stranded cDNA probe methodologies (unidirectional polymerase chain reaction amplification or asymmetric PCR amplification) allows the p ...

Much progress has been made in the technologies available to assess global alterations in mRNA levels in clinical research samples. Although such transcript profiling can provide a powerful research tool, the broad range of options can be bewildering for the inexperienced investigat ...

The advances made over the last 30 yr in molecular biology, molecular genetics, and genomics, and the development of associated methods and technologies, have had a major impact on our understanding of biology, including the action of drugs and other biologically active xenobiotics. The too ...

Essential hypertension is a common disease with multifactorial etiology affecting up to 10 million individuals in the United Kingdom alone. Current knowledge of the genetic contribution to this trait is restricted to a number of rare variants that produce hypertensive phenotypes in a M ...