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The rat is the routine species of choice as the rodent model for regulatory safety testing of xenobiotics such as medicinal products, food additives, and other chemicals. However, the rat is not always suitable for pharmacological, toxicological, immunogenic, pharmacokinetic, or even p ...

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for monitoring the effects of nanoparticles on immune cells is a conventional method of assessing the levels of cytokine that are released into the culture supernatant after the addition of nanoparticles to a macrophage culture. However, it h ...

Nanotoxicity assessment methods for nanoparticles (NPs) such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nano-Al2O3, and tridecameric aluminum polycation or nanopolynuclear (nano-Al13), particularly lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays are reviewed. Our researches on electrochemic ...

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a relatively simple and inexpensive technique to determine the expression level of target genes and is widely used in biomedical science research including nanotoxicology studies for semiquantitative analysis. ...

Properly evaluating the nanotoxicity of nanoparticles involves much more than bulk-cell assays of cell death by necrosis. Cells exposed to nanoparticles may undergo repairable oxidative stress and DNA damage or be induced into apoptosis. Exposure to nanoparticles may cause the cel ...

The Comet assay, or single-cell gel electrophoresis assay, is an easy and simple yet reliable method to evaluate DNA damage in cells. Under the alkaline conditions of this method, DNA strand breaks and alkaline-labile sites are detected. Here we describe the alkaline version of the Comet assay wi ...

A critical view of the current toxicological methods used in nanotechnology and their related techniques. Hereby, toxicological effects derived from the intracellular accumulation and uptake will be examined. Then advantages/disadvantages of these methods will be discusse ...

The scientific community, regulatory agencies, environmentalists, and most industry representatives all agree that more effort is required to ensure the responsible and safe development of new nanotechnologies. Characterizing nanomaterials is a key aspect in this effort. Th ...

As nanotechnology rapidly emerges into a new industry—driven by its enormous potential to revolutionize electronics, materials, and medicine—exposure of living species to discharged nanoparticles has become inevitable. Despite the increased effort on elucidating the env ...

Increasing application of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) in consumer products like textiles, cosmetics, washing machines and other household products increases their chance to reach the environment. Intensive research is required to assess t ...

This chapter introduces the principles and development procedures for physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, and their application for nanoparticle toxicity studies. PBPK models describe the concentration–time or mass–time profiles of chemicals or nano ...

Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) also known as size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a highly valuable tool for the purification, separation, and characterization of synthetic and natural polymers. In this technique, the analyte (usually a polymer) is dissolved in a suitable sol ...

The rapid growth in the development of nanoparticles for uses in a variety of applications including targeted drug delivery, cancer therapy, imaging, and as biological sensors has led to questions about potential toxicity of such particles to humans. High-throughput methods are neces ...

The uptake of nanoparticles by cells is an important factor to assess nanotoxicity. In general, the nanoparticles taken up by the cells have been identified by transmission electron microscope, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, etc.; however, the methods required an imme ...

Nanotechnology is rapidly growing and has great potential in various fields such as biomedical engineering, drug delivery, environmental health, pharmaceutical industries and even electronics and communication technologies. However, with this rapid development, these n ...

Flow cytometry is a powerful tool to evaluate cellular responses at the single cell level. Applicability to evaluating biological activity of in vitro and in vivo exposure to compounds is limited only by the number of fluorochrome emission spectra a particular instrument can detect and the a ...

Nanotoxicology, the science concerned with the safe use of nanotechnology and nanostructure design for biological applications, is a field of research that has recently received great attention, as a result of the rapid growth in nanotechnology. Many nanostructures are of a scale and che ...

Luminescent bacteria, Vibrio fischeri, is used in an ecotoxicological test to determine toxicity of water samples. In comparison to other ecotoxicological tests, the use of luminescent bacteria reports final toxicity values in a short time (minutes). Luminescent toxicity test can be u ...

The new field of nanotoxicology is steadily emerging in parallel with rapid advances made in nanotechnology to evaluate biological impact of intended and non-intended nanomaterial exposure over time as their human applications constantly increase. Over the last decade nanotoxi ...

The skin irritation test is designed for the prediction of acute skin irritation of nanoparticles by measurement of its cytotoxic effect, as reflected in the MTT assay, on the Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) model. RHE tissues are commercially available.