更多资讯

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, employing electrospray ionization (ESI), has been applied in the analysis of many drugs and drug metabolites. Sample preparation has been an important part of this technique when analyzing biological samples. Here we describe a hig ...

Here we describe a high-volume urinary screening technique for opiate drugs as well as other narcotic analgesics. We also describe methods for quantification of the same drug species in serum, plasma, and whole blood. Screening and quantitation of these types of drugs have presented many cha ...

Determination of urinary drug concentrations can prove to be very useful in the monitoring of patients who are receiving a variety of synthetic opioids. Through the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the simultaneous measurement of synthetic opioids provides ...

Because of their prevalence in drugged driving and other medicolegal investigations, cannabinoids are routinely analyzed by forensic laboratories. Until relatively recently, these analyses were performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Howev ...

Amphetamines or amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) refer to a group of pharmacological and �toxicological agents that have a common phenethylamine structural backbone and typically impart effects that include, but are not limited to, vasoconstriction, anorexia, central ner ...

Abuse of the stimulant cocaine (COC) is a common problem in the United States and elsewhere. The drug can be used either as the powder or as the free base (crack COC), and causes feelings of alertness and euphoria; both forms of COC are powerfully addictive. The assay described here is designed to detect and qua ...

The chick anxiety–depression model is a hybrid, dual pharmacological screening assay in which both anxiety and depression present sequentially over a 2 h isolation period. This separation stress paradigm utilizes socially raised domestic fowl chicks, aged 4–6 days posthatch, that are ...

Animal models have been an integral component of scientific discovery concerning ischemic stroke pathophysiology and the accompanying therapeutic targets. Unfortunately, the knowledge gleaned from these studies has failed to translate to enhanced therapeutics in the clin ...

Temperature-sensitive TRP (so-called “thermoTRP”) channels are well recognized for their contributions to sensory transduction, responding to a wide variety of stimuli including temperature, nociceptive stimuli, touch, and osmolarity. However, the precise roles for the the ...

Axon guidance is a crucial component of normal nervous system development. Errors in axon guidance can result in disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. In order to understand the pathogenesis of these disorders, we need to understand the fundamental mechanisms of growth cone motili ...

In the past few years the presence of one or another member of the TRP channel family has been described basically in all tissues studied. Moreover, the pattern of expression and the susceptibility to modulators of each channel subtype in each tissue will shape their influence on the cell/tissue re ...

Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder. The limitations of current treatments for schizophrenia have led to an ongoing search for new drug targets. The observations that subjects with schizophrenia have impaired thermoregulation, are less sensitive to pain than n ...

Zebrafish offer experimental advantages that have been exploited by developmental biologists and, �increasingly, by those interested in disease mechanisms. Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and motor symptoms su ...

Itch induction and allergy development are regulated by highly complex pathways that involve dynamic cross-talk events between cells within the skin. These include the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. For example, the intensity, quality, and the clinical characte ...

Sensitive skin is defined as the occurrence of erythema and/or abnormal stinging, burning, and tingling sensations (and sometimes as pain or pruritus) in response to multiple factors that may be physical (UV, heat, cold, wind), chemical (cosmetics, soaps, water, pollutants), psychologic ...

Pavlovian fear conditioning is a robust technique for examining behavioral and cellular components of fear learning and memory. In fear conditioning, the subject learns to associate a previously neutral stimulus with an inherently noxious co-stimulus. The learned association is r ...

Tests of innate fear and anxiety take advantage of the natural anxieties and interests of mice and rats. They often rely on the animals’ motivation to explore their environment as well as their apprehension towards novelty or exposure. Here we describe the technical and experimental details of ...

Many vascular occlusive diseases are characterized by endothelial dysfunction and phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) from quiescent contractile to proliferative migratory phenotypes. These cellular responses can be recapitulated and studied in vivo in ...

Hypertension and cardiovascular events continue to constitute the leading global diseases affecting around 20% of the world’s population. Although there have been significant advances in the treatment and prevention of these diseases, important efforts are being made aiming at de ...

This protocol describes a novel chronic total occlusion (CTO) model that features cell-mediated calcium deposits in rabbit femoral arteries. CTO is the most severe case of atherosclerosis, and it remains a big challenge in cardiology. There are urgent needs to establish a CTO animal model in o ...