CIRCUIT BREAKER

Neocortical Circuit Interrogation with Optogenetics

populations of neurons in the same physical volume [2] (see Chapter 5 in this volume). Here we discuss circuit-targeting strategies with examples from the recent literature, focusing particularly on approaches and results in the study of mammalian neocortex.

反响回路 reverberating circuit

构成神经系统的神经元，不一定仅按串联方式由突触而联结，解剖学、生理学都证明存在有如图所示的环状联系，称为反响回路。这种神经元环，即闭锁神经元回路（closed neurone circuit），常常在大脑皮层和皮层下的神经核之间或皮层下的核群之间发现。如图所示，神经冲动可进入此回路，并通过此回路环流，因此兴奋状态可维持很长时间。各种感觉刺激作为感觉印象而长时间被保持的记忆现象，可根据这个反响回路的持续兴奋状态来解释。反响回路上除了有所谓使兴奋状态持续的机能外，认为也存在着正或负的反馈

Parallel-plate Flow Chamber and Continuous Flow Circuit to Evaluate Endothelial Progenitor Cells under Laminar Flow Shea

that can be achieved. Calculate the flow rate of the perfusate in your circuit based on the desired shear stresses to be applied to the cells according to equation 1 1 , where Q is the desired flow rate, τ is the target shear stress acting tangentially on the cells