Anti-C4.4A Reference Antibody(

Isolation of Anti-Hapten Specific Antibody Fragments from Combinatorial Libraries

system unless presented as an epitope conjugated to a suitable immunogenic carrier protein, such as bovine thyroglobulin. The principal interest in anti-hapten Abs is as detection molecules for use in diagnostic assays. These typically use dipstick (qualitative

一文读懂！补体系统主要成分、激活途径以及多种生物学功能

s。活化的C1s依次裂解C4和C2，生成C4b2a（C3转化酶），进而裂解C3为C3a和C3b；C3b与C4b2a结合形成C5转化酶（C4b2a3b），启动膜攻击阶段。旁路途径不依赖抗体，由细菌脂多糖、真菌等病原体表面直接激活。C3在生理条件下可自发水解为C3b，在Mg²⁺存在下与B因子结合，被D因子切割形成C3bBb（旁路C3转化酶），P因子可稳定此酶。该酶大量裂解C3，形成正反馈放大环路，最终生成C3bBb3b（C5转化酶）。凝集素途径由甘露糖结合凝集素（MBL）或ficolin识别病原体表面糖

Assays for Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) and Reverse ADCC (Redirected Cytotoxicity) in Human Natural Killer Cells

immunecomplexed IgG and therefore target cells that, not recognized spontaneously by NK cells, are sensitized with anti-target cell antibodies (Abs) of the IgG class. The two types of cytotoxicity elicited are referred to as “spontaneous” and “Ab-dependent’ cell