Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spin-Labeling Analysis of Synaptosomal Membrane Protein Oxidation

Synaptosomal protein oxidation, most often indexed by increased protein carbonyl content (1 ,2 ), is one biomarker of oxidative stress in brain (2 ). Protein carbonyls are detected by UV-Vis spectrometric, fluorescence, or immunochemical methods (2 ), and are increased in a variety of oxidative stress disorders of the brain. Among the latter are Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (3 ) and animal models of AD (4 ), Huntington’s disease (HD) (5 ,6 ), and accelerated aging (7 ).