Hypoxia-Inducible Factors: Post-translational Crosstalk of Signaling Pathways

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) has a central role in the mammalian program by which cells respond to hypoxia in both physiological and pathological situations. HIF-1 transcriptional activity, protein stabilization, protein–protein interaction, and cellular localization are mainly modulated by Post-translational modifications such as hydroxylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, S -nitrosylation, and SUMOylation. Here, we summarize current knowledge about Post-translational HIF-1 regulation and give additional information about useful methods to determine some of these various modifications.