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        Analysis of Fatty Acids by Gas Liquid Chromatography

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        960
        The fatty acids (FA) of animal, plant, and microbial origin are predominantly unbranched aliphatic chains with an even number of carbon atoms and a single carboxyl group. FA can be classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated (Fig. 1 ). Saturates have all single carbon-to-carbon bonds. Monounsaturates contain a single cis double bond, whereas polyunsaturates have two or more. A list of the commonly occurring natural FA in animal tissues is shown in Table 1 . In general, FA do not exist as free carboxylic acids in living cells. In animals, they are mainly esterified into membrane phospholipids (phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids) and cytosolic neutral lipids (triglycerides and cholesteryl esters). In order to analyze the FA components of cell lipids, they must first be converted into nonpolar, volatile derivatives before they can be separated and quantified by the rapid and highly sensitive technique of gas liquid chromatography (GLC).
         
        Fig. 1.  Structural classification of fatty acids.

        Table 1  Nomenclature of Some Common Natural Fatty Acids

        Common name

        Synonym a

        Abbreviation b

        Myristic

        Tetradecanoic

        14:0

        Palmitic

        Hexadecanoic

        16:0

        Stearic

        Octadecanoic

        18:0

        Arachidic

        Eicosanoic

        20:0

        Behenic

        Docosanoic

        22:0

        Lignoceric

        Tetracosanoic

        24:0

        Cerotic

        Hexacosanoic

        26:0

        Palmitoleic

        7-Hexadecenoic

        16:1 n-9

        Oleic

        9-Octadecenoic

        18:1 n-9

        Gadoleic

        11-Eicosenoic

        20:1 n-9

        Erucic

        13-Docosenoic

        22:1 n-9

        Nervonic

        15-Tetracosenoic

        24:1 n-9

        Linoleic

        9,12-Octadecadienoic

        18:2 n-6

        Alpha-linolenic

        9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic

        18:3 n-3

        Gamma-linolenic

        6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic

        18:3 n-6

        Arachidonic

        5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic

        20:4 n-6

        Adrenic

        7,10,13,16-Docosatetraenoic

        22:4 n-6

        Timnodonic

        5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic

        20:5 n-3

        Clupanodonic

        4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic

        22:6 n-3

        a Double bonds numbered from the carboxyl end of the molecule.

        a Abbreviated fatty acid formulae showing the number of carbon atoms (e.g., 12,18,22), the number of double bonds (e.g., 0,1,4), and the position of the first double bond in relation to the n-carbon or methyl end of the molecule (e.g., n-3,n-6).
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