Combination Lesion Models of MSA

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder presenting with parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, and autonomic failure in various combinations. The main pathological hallmark is the formation of (oligo-) glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) composed of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates (also called Papp–Lantos bodies). In the past decades, increasing insights into disease pathophysiology led to a variety of animal models as testbeds for interrentional therapies.