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        人体结构

        互联网

        1910
        Word Definition Topic
        addictive a substance on which a person can become physically dependent Humans as organisms
        ADH Anti-Diuretic Hormone Humans as organisms
        adrenalin a hormone that is secreted when a person is stressed - it increases the heart and pulse rate and blood pressure Humans as organisms
        aerobic with oxygen Humans as organisms
        alveoli tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas is exchanged during breathing Humans as organisms
        amino acids complex molecules which form the building-blocks of proteins Humans as organisms
        anaerobic without oxygen Humans as organisms
        Antibiotics substances kill bacteria and fungal infections Humans as organisms
        antibody protein produced by the body's immune system that attacks foreign invaders (antigens) Humans as organisms
        antibodies proteins produced by the body's immune system that attack foreign invaders (antigens) Humans as organisms
        antigens foreign invaders in the body that trigger an immune response Humans as organisms
        arteries thick-walled muscular tubes which carry blood away from the heart Humans as organisms
        Assimilation the incorporation of the products of digestion into the body, where they are used to provide energy or for growth and repair of tissues Humans as organisms
        asthma chronic condition involving breathlessness due to inflammation of the bronchioles Humans as organisms
        ATP a high-energy chemical used in cells as an energy store Humans as organisms
        bile a substance produced in the liver which emulsifies fats to prepare them for digestion Humans as organisms
        blood plasma the liquid part of the blood. It contains useful things like glucose, amino acids, minerals, vitamins (nutrients) and hormones, as well as waste materials such as urea Humans as organisms
        bronchi the plural of bronchus - the two major air tubes in the lungs Humans as organisms
        bronchioles the many small, branching tubules into which the bronchi subdivide Humans as organisms
        bronchus one of the two tubes into which trachea subdivides as it enters the lungs. The plural of bronchus is bronchi. Humans as organisms
        capillaries extremely narrow tubes which carry blood around our tissues Humans as organisms
        carbohydrase enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates Humans as organisms
        carbohydrates food group consisting of sugars, starch and cellulose. They are vital for energy in humans and will be stored as fats if eaten in excess. In plants, carbohydrates are important for photosynthesis. Humans as organisms
        carbon dioxide gaseous compound of carbon and oxygen which is a by-product of respiration, and which is needed by plants for photosynthesis Humans as organisms
        central nervous system the brain and spinal cord Humans as organisms
        cilia tiny hairs which line the respiratory tract. They beat continuously to move mucus and dirt up the bronchi and trachea Humans as organisms
        CNS Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) Humans as organisms
        Colon the large intestine, where all the water in our food and drink is absorbed into the blood Humans as organisms
        coma a state of deep unconciousness in which a person does not respond to any external stimuli Humans as organisms
        common cold a mild viral infection that causes inflammation of the airways Humans as organisms
        convex curving outwards Humans as organisms
        co-ordination producing a sensible response when you are stimulated. For example, when you taste something nice you salivate, you don't scratch your toe Humans as organisms
        denature disable by changing the normal qualities or nature of something Humans as organisms
        denaturing disabling by changing the normal qualities or nature of something Humans as organisms
        de-oxygenated not containing oxygen Humans as organisms
        dependency state of being mentally or physically reliant on something, especially a drug Humans as organisms
        diabetes a serious disease in which the body is unable to regulate blood sugar Humans as organisms
        diaphragm a large sheet of muscle that separates the lungs from the abdominal cavity Humans as organisms
        digestive system system of organs are involved with the ingestion, digestion, absorption of food Humans as organisms
        dilated widened or expanded Humans as organisms
        Duodenum the first part of the small intestine. Bile secreted by the liver makes the contents of the duodenum alkaline and helps to emulsify (break up) the fats and oils in our food. Humans as organisms
        effector organ a muscle or gland which has an effect when it is turned on by a motor neurone Humans as organisms
        effector organ which has an effect when stimulated (eg muscles or glands) Humans as organisms
        effectors organs which have an effect when stimulated (eg muscles or glands) Humans as organisms
        emulsified convert into droplets Humans as organisms
        endocrine system bodily system of glands which produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream Humans as organisms
        endocrine gland one of the glands which secrete hormones into the bloodstream Humans as organisms
        energy released in respiration and required for virtually all metabolic activities in living things Humans as organisms
        enzymes proteins which catalyse or speed up chemical reactions inside our bodies Humans as organisms
        epiglottis small flap at the back of the tongue; it closes the top of the trachea when we swallow so that food does not go down the wrong way. (It does not always work properly; if food goes down the wrong way you cough to try to get the lump of food out of your windpipe.) Humans as organisms
        exhale breathe air out Humans as organisms
        FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone, which stimulates oestrogen production and the growth of follicles (egg-sacs) in the ovary. It is secreted by the pituitary gland. Humans as organisms
        fatty acids long-chain molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms Humans as organisms
        feedback loop bodily system in which the effect of a hormone's action or lack of action is fed back into the system, turning production of the hormone off or on. Humans as organisms
        fibre non-digestible carbohydrates. Fibre is essential as a bulking agent to help food pass quickly and easily through the bowel. A lack of fibre in the diet can lead to constipation. Humans as organisms
        flu (influenza) a highly contageous viral disease that can cause death Humans as organisms
        Gaseous exchange transfer of oxygen from the air into our blood and carbon dioxide out of our blood into the air Humans as organisms
        genetic disease disease which children can inherit from their parent/s as a result of abnormalities in their genes Humans as organisms
        glucoregulation keeping a constant blood sugar level Humans as organisms
        glucose a simple sugar made by the body from food, which is used by cells to make energy in respiration Humans as organisms
        glycerol a soluble carbohydrate which is coverted into glucose by the liver Humans as organisms
        goblet cells cells in the lining of the trachea and bronchi which make mucus Humans as organisms
        hormones chemical messengers produced in glands and carried by the blood to specific organs in the body Humans as organisms
        hybrid vigour the increased strength and size of a hybrid (an offsping produced as a result of breeding two genetically different organisims) compared to that of the parents Humans as organisms
        hydrochloric acid a component of gastric juice secreted in the stomach. It helps chemical digestion by breaking down food and providing the optimum pH for the digestive enzyme pepsin Humans as organisms
        hyperglycaemia Greek for 'too much sugar in the blood' Humans as organisms
        hypoglycaemia Greek for 'too little sugar in the blood' Humans as organisms
        hypothalamus the part of the brain responsible for controlling the body's reaction to temperature, hunger and thirst Humans as organisms
        immune system the body's defence system against diseases and infections Humans as organisms
        inhale breathe air in Humans as organisms
        inhalers devices that administer medication to the airways Humans as organisms
        innate behaviour the automatic response produced by reflex arcs - for example knee jerk reflex, withdrawal reflex, blinking, salivating Humans as organisms
        intercostal muscles muscles between the ribs which raise the ribcage by contracting and lower it by relaxing Humans as organisms
        in vitro fertilisation fertilisation outside the womb. 'In vitro' means in a test-tube (or glass dish) Humans as organisms
        ion positively- or negatively-charged particles - eg positively charged hydrogen, sodium and potassium atoms. Ion charge helps determine a substance's acidity or alkalinity Humans as organisms
        ions positively- or negatively-charged particles - eg positively charged hydrogen, sodium and potassium atoms Humans as organisms
        kidney one of two organs in humans which extract impurities from the blood Humans as organisms
        LH Luteinising Hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland, which stimulates ovulation. Humans as organisms
        lactic acid a toxic chemical produced during anaerobic respiration Humans as organisms
        learnt behaviour complex behaviour which is aquired through experience. We don't all respond in the same way to a specific stimulus - for example some people don't eat chocolate cake because they have learnt that it makes them ill, even though they like the taste. Humans as organisms
        liver organ which constitutes the largest gland in the body. It produces bile to aid the digestion of fats, stores glucose in the form of glycogen, and helps break down proteins and carbohydrates Humans as organisms
        lymphocytes white blood cells which attack pathogens by producing antibodies Humans as organisms
        metabolic activities the biochemical activities that occur within the body to keep us alive Humans as organisms
        metabolic waste harmful by-products of metabolic processes Humans as organisms
        metabolism the sum of all chemical processes taking place in our cells, and the rate at which these proceed Humans as organisms
        mineral salts inorganic chemical compounds Humans as organisms
        motor motor neurones carry messages out of the CNS to effector organs Humans as organisms
        mucus slimy white protein which lines the respiratory tract and alimentary canal Humans as organisms
        mucus membranes thin lining tissues which secrete mucus Humans as organisms
        neurone a nerve cell. It carries an electrical message or impulse when it is stimulated Humans as organisms
        oestrogen female hormone secreted by the ovaries Humans as organisms
        Osmoregulation process of keeping a constant amount of water and salts in the blood Humans as organisms
        ovaries a pair of organs in the female reproductive system where ova (eggs) are produced Humans as organisms
        oxygen gaseous element making up about 20% of the air, which is needed by living organisms for respiration Humans as organisms
        oxygen debt the amount of extra oxygen required by the body for recovery after vigorous exercise Humans as organisms
        oxygenated containing oxygen Humans as organisms
        palpitations forceful or irregular heartbeats Humans as organisms
        pancreas large gland located in the abdomen near the stomach which produces digestive enzymes and the hormone insulin Humans as organisms
        parasites an organism that lives in or on another organism Humans as organisms
        passive immune system the body's natural barriers which are always there, eg the skin Humans as organisms
        peristalsis wave-like muscular contractions in the smooth wall of the gut which move food through the alimentary canal Humans as organisms
        pH scale of acidity/alkalinity. pH below 7 = acidic, pH above 7 = alkaline Humans as organisms
        photoreceptors the rods and cones of the retina - they respond to light stimuli Humans as organisms
        plasma liquid, non-cellular part of the blood Humans as organisms
        platelets white blood cell fragments which circulate in the blood and assist in clotting Humans as organisms
        precipitate a suspension of particles in a liquid (formed when a previously dissolved substance becomes insoluble) Humans as organisms
        progesterone female hormone secreted by the ovaries Humans as organisms
        proteins organic compounds made up of amino acid molecules. One of the three main food groups, proteins are needed by the body for cell growth and repair. Humans as organisms
        protein synthesis manufacturing of proteins Humans as organisms
        protozoan a minute, usually single-celled, organism which does not photosynthesise. Plural is protozoa Humans as organisms
        protozoa minute, usually single-celled, organisms which do not photosynthesise. Singular is protozoan or protozoon Humans as organisms
        relay neurones these nerve cells carry messages around the CNS Humans as organisms
        reactants substances present at the start of a chemical reaction Humans as organisms
        reagent chemical used in a laboratory test Humans as organisms
        receptor cells specialised cells which react to stimuli and convey impulses down nerves Humans as organisms
        receptor organ which recognizes and responds to stimuli Humans as organisms
        receptors organs which recognize and respond to stimuli Humans as organisms
        red blood cells cells which contain haemoglobin and carry oxygen Humans as organisms
        reflex action an involuntary reaction that happens rapidly in response to a stimuli eg moving your hand from a flame Humans as organisms
        reflex arc a nerve pathway which produces an automatic response Humans as organisms
        refracted deflected from a straight path; bent Humans as organisms
        renal artery carries blood to the kidneys Humans as organisms
        renal vein takes blood away from kidneys Humans as organisms
        response reaction to a stimulus; the effect produced by an effector organ - for example you salivate when you taste something Humans as organisms
        retina the inside layer in the eye that is responsive to light Humans as organisms
        RNA (Ribonucleic acid) - it converts the genetic information stored in DNA into proteins Humans as organisms
        Saliva Fluid secreted by glands in the mouth which moistens and softens food. It contains the enzyme amylase which digests starch, and a lubricant which makes food slippery and easy to swallow. Humans as organisms
        salts class of chemical compounds, mostly metallic oxides. Examples are sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and magnesium sulphate Humans as organisms
        sense organ organ which recieves and responds to a stimulus - for example, the eye, ear, taste buds, skin, nose Humans as organisms
        sensory sensory neurones carry messages from sense organs into the CNS Humans as organisms
        stereoscopic vision having two eyes side-by-side, each delivering a slightly different view to the brain. It enables humans to judge distance, depth and speed. Humans as organisms
        stimuli things that set off a reaction in the nervous system - for example, light, heat, sound, gravity, smell, taste, or temperature. The singular is stimulus Humans as organisms
        stimulus something that causes a response; a sense impression that sets off a reaction in the nervous system - for example, light, heat, sound, gravity, smell, taste, or temperature. The plural is stimuli. Humans as organisms
        substrate a substance on which enzymes act Humans as organisms
        synapse the gap between two neurones across which nerve signals must jump Humans as organisms
        synthesised made or put together Humans as organisms
        target organs the organs which hormones take effect upon Humans as organisms
        testosterone the main male sex hormone, secreted in the testes Humans as organisms
        thermoregulation the process of keeping a constant body temperature Humans as organisms
        thorax the chest, containing the heart and lungs and encased by the ribs Humans as organisms
        trachea the windpipe or tube from the back of the mouth to the top of the lungs Humans as organisms
        ultramicroscopic too small to be seen with a normal microscope. (Electron microscopes are usually used to study viruses) Humans as organisms
        urea a nitrogenous waste product resulting from the break down of proteins. It is excreted in urine Humans as organisms
        uterus aka womb - this is where the fertilised ovum develops Humans as organisms
        Vaccines substances containing disabled antigens of a particular disease, usually administered via injection. Vaccines stimulate the body to produce antibodies to provide immunity against that disease. Humans as organisms
        vaccinating immunising by introducing harmless pathogens; innoculating Humans as organisms
        vasoconstriction narrowing of the blood vessels Humans as organisms
        vasodilate the widening of blood vessels Humans as organisms
        vasodilation widening of the blood vessels Humans as organisms
        veins thin-walled, valved tubes which carry blood back to the heart Humans as organisms
        viruses ultramicroscopic non-cellular organisms that replicate themselves inside the cells of living hosts Humans as organisms
        vitamins organic substances which are essential in small amounts to regulate the metabolism and maintain the immune system Humans as organisms
        voluntary action an action which is not forced or a reflex Humans as organisms
        white blood cells cells which fight disease by making antibodies or engulfing germs Humans as organisms
        womb the organ in females in which babies are concieved and carried. Also called the uterus Humans as organisms
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