How to Build Up Biosensors With the Cantilever of the Atomic Force Microscope

With the advent of the atomic force microscopy (AFM), the study of biological samples has become more realistic because, in most cases, samples are not covered or fixed and this makes it possible to observe them while alive (1 ,2 ). This advantage of the AFM prompted a new invention: nanobiosensors using the cantilever (probe) of the AFM, which made possible the observation of specific molecules (including medications) as they enter or exit living cells (3 ,4 ).