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        Rodent Models of Parkinsons Disease

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        The cardinal symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are rigidity, akinesia, and tremors. Secondary symptoms include postural abnormalities and neuropsychiatric disturbances such as depression, cognitive disorders, and apparent apathy (Barbeau, 1979 ; Schultz, 1984 ; Marsden et al., 1975 ). The basic neuropathology of Parkinson’s disease involves degeneration of the heavily pigmented cells of the substantia nigra, locus ceruleus, and other brainstem nuclei (Hornykiewicz, 1972 ; Barbeau, 1979 ; Hornykiewicz and Kish, 1986 ). A markedly decreased concentration of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites is the main neurochemical change in the disease, although other neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-hydroxy-tryptamine, 5-HT) are also reduced (Hornykiewicz, 1972 ; Schultz, 1984 ; Agid and Javoy-Agid, 1985 ; Hornykiewicz and Kish, 1986 ).
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