Synthesis, Mass Spectrometric Characterization, and Analysis of the PPAR Agonist GW1516 and Its Major Human Metabolites: Targets in Sports Drug Testin

The elucidation of metabolic pathways and the detection of emerging therapeutics potentially enhancing athletic performance are of paramount importance to doping control authorities to protect the integrity of elite sports. A new drug candidate belonging to the family of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta agonists termed GW1516 (also referred to as GW501516) has been prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency in 2009 due to its potential to artificially increase endurance. Consequently, sports drug testing laboratories need to establish detection methods enabling the identification of the intact substance and/or its metabolite(s) that unambiguously prove the presence or absence of the target substances in doping control specimens. Simulating human metabolic reactions using liver microsomal preparations, minute amounts of possible urinary metabolites were obtained that were characterized by mass spectrometry-based methods. Subsequently, the most abundant metabolic products were chemically synthesized and as well characterized by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Finally, GW1516 and two oxidized metabolites were implemented in a routine doping control analytical assay based on liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which was tested for its �fitness-for-purpose using spiked urine samples.