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        Assays for Cytotoxicity

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        Among cytokine families, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily stands out as the one that contains several members with cytotoxic activity (1 3 ). The best characterized is the prototypic member TNF-α, which is cytotoxic to a range of tumor cells, but not to most types of normal cells (1 ,4 ). However, there are now known to be around 20 molecularly related members of the TNF superfamily, several of which induce programmed cell death, i.e., apoptosis, in particular types of normal and tumor cells (1 3 ). The nomenclature for the members of the TNF superfamily was becoming complicated; individual members were given different names, e.g., Fas ligand, CD95 ligand, APO-1 ligand, by the competing research groups involved in their discovery. Recently, a nomenclature committee has adopted and promoted a simplified naming system; each member is designated tumor necrosis factor super family, TNFSF, with a numerical suffix. Thus, for example, TNF-α becomes TNFSF2 and Fas ligand becomes TNFSF6 (see Table 1 for the full list).
        Table 1  TNF Ligand and Receptor Superfamily Members a

        Ligands

        Receptors

        LT-α(TNF-β)/TNFSF1

        TNF-R1/TNFRSF1A & TNF-R2/TNFRSF1B

         

        TNF-Rrp or LT-βR/TNFRSF3

        TNF-α/TNFSF2

        TNF-R1/TNFRSF1A & TNF-R2/TNFRSF1B

        LT-β/TNFSF3

        TNF-Rrp or LT-βR/TNFRSF3

        OX40.L/TNFSF4

        OX40 (CD134)/TNFRSF4

        CD40.L/TNFSF5

        CD40/TNFRSF5

        Fas.L (APO-1L)/TNFSF6

        Fas (CD95)/TNFRSF6 & DcR3/M68/TR6

        CD27.L (CD70)/TNFSF7

        CD27/TNFRSF7

        CD30.L (CD153)/TNFSF8

        CD30/TNFRSF8

        4-1BB.L/TNFSF9

        4-1BB (CD137)/TNFRSF9

        TRAIL (APO-2.L)/TNFSF10 /TL2

        DR4/TNFRSF10A /TR4 &DR5/TNFRSF10B /TR7

         

        DcR1/TNFRSF10C /TR5 (nonfunctional) &

         

        DcR2/TNFRSF10D /TR10 (nonfunctional)

         

        OPG/TNFRSF11B /TR1

        TRANCE (OPGL)/TNFSF11 /TL9

        TRANCE R/TNFRSF11A & OPG/TNFRSF11B /TR1

        TWEAK (LTK)/TNFSF12 /TL8

        TWEAK-R/TNFRSF12A /TR3

        APRIL (TALL-2)/TNFSF13 /TL3

        TACI/TNFRSF13 /TR18

        BlyS (TALL-1)/TNFSF13B /TL7

        TACI/TNFRSF13B /TR18 , BCMA/TNFRSF17 /TR19 & BAFF-R/TNFRSF13C

        LIGHT/TNFSF14 /TL5

        TNF-Rrp (LTβR)/TNFRSF3 & HVEMTNFRSF14 /TR2

        VEGI/TNFSF15 /TL1

        DR3/TNFRSF12? /TR3?

        GITRL/TNFSF18 /TL6

        GITR/TNFRSF18 /TR11

        TNF-epsilon/TNFSF? /TL3

        TNFRSF?

        ED1/EDA/TNFSF? /TL10

        EDAR/TNFRSF? /TR17 & XEDAR/TNFRSF? /TR14

        TANGO-L/TNFSF?

        TANGO 129/TNFRSF20? /TR12

        EMILIN/TNFSF?

        TNFRSF?

        TRAIN-L/TNFSF?

        TRAIN-R(OAF65a/APO4/TROY)/TNFRSF19 /TR15

        a Unassigned receptors:- DR6/TR9, TR13, TR16 , TACI-like/HPMK140/TR20 , TR12-like/HCFMV39/TR21 , TR21-like/HBHMF28/TR22 .
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