Dual- label fluorescence in situ hybridization detection of individual chromosomes in sperm using ejaculated semen

The development of chromosome-specific DNA α-satellite probes, chromosome paints and contigs, together with the refinement of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques, has added much to the power of the technique for the detection of specific chromosomes in sperm. The technique has many uses, for example, screening for aneuploidy either at the base rate in untreated individuals or in those who have been exposed to cytotoxic chemicals and/or radiation, examining the possible association between poor sperm morphology and chromosome abnormality, observing frequencies of X and Y chromosomes to detect biases in sex chromosome frequency that might be naturally or artificially induced.