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生物不能合成或不能合成所需量而必须从食物获取的氨基酸。蛋白质有多种生物功能，为维持生命所必需。各种生物都能从基本氨基酸合成自身特有的蛋白质，但它们合成这些氨基酸的能力却很不相同。大多数植物能合成所需的全部氨基酸。某些哺乳动物需从食物摄取8～10种氨基酸。人类的10种必需氨基酸是：亮氨酸、异亮氨酸，赖氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸、色氨酸、苯丙氨酸、甲硫氨酸、缬氨酸和苏氨酸。各种微生物合成氨基酸的能力差异很大，如大肠杆菌可以合成其全部所需氨基酸，而某些乳酸菌却必须从环境中得到十几种氨基酸。在构成蛋白质的20种基本氨基酸中，除必需氨基酸外，皆为非必需氨基酸，生物可自食物中其他成分合成或转化而获得。
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