疾病及处理

As with many other bacterial species, the most commonly used method to assess staphylococcal biofilm formation in vitro is the microtiter plate assay. This assay is particularly useful for comparison of multiple strains including large-scale screens of mutant libraries. When such scr ...

Multiple drug resistance to antibiotics is a major public health problem. Many mechanisms may be involved in such resistance. Increasing data have shown that Staphylococcus aureus can invade different types of nonphagocytic cells, which, in turn, may contribute to evasion of the toxici ...

This chapter explains computer techniques for comparing genes, proteins, or genomes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In the principle methodology for comparative genomics, first researchers obtain the data of DNA sequences and phenotypes for various s ...

The microarray has shown tremendous potential for investigating gene expression profiles and expression levels in comparative biology; exploring the regulation mechanisms of gene expression; and evaluating target gene for developing new chemotherapeutic agents, vacci ...

Over the past decade numerous genomes of pathogenic bacteria were fully sequenced and annotated, while others are continuously being sequenced and published. To date, the sequences of 440 bacterial genomes are publicly available for research purposes. These efforts in high-throug ...

The role of the inanimate environment, including the air, in the transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is unclear; however, there are certain situations when evaluation of MRSA contamination of the environment is indicated. At this point, co ...

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has posed an immense problem for clinicians in the hospital setting for years, emerging as the most frequent nosocomial infection. To deal with this problem pathogen and others, infectious disease specialists have developed a v ...

We review data on the treatment of infections caused by drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). In this review, we cover findings reported in the English language medical literature up to February 2006. Despite the emergence of res ...

Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile pathogen associated with diverse clinical presentations. Only recently have the genetic factors underlying the virulence of this bacterial species become understood in a significant way. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains h ...

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogen responsible for both hospital- and community-onset disease. Resistance to methicillin in S. aureus is mediated by PBP2a, a penicillin-binding protein with low affinity to β-lactams, encoded by the mecA gene. Ac ...

The widespread occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or oxacillin-resistant MRSA is a major cause of concern worldwide. Although mainly located in hospital environments, these microorganisms have been reported to have the capacity to cause infec ...

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a genetic typing method that is widely used as a molecular epidemiological tool for studying the genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus and numerous other bacterial pathogens. For PFGE, intact bacterial cells are embedded in soft agaro ...

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) followed by microchip gel electrophoresis was useful for identification of staphylococci and for strain delineation of Staphylococcus aureus. In the study presented in this chapt ...

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a widely accepted method of DNA sequence-based typing that relies on analysis of relatively conserved genes that encode essential proteins. For Staphylococcus aureus, the level of discrimination provided by MLST is sufficient to provide a relati ...

Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus changes to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) on acquisition of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). At least five types of SCCmec elements have been reported. All the SCCmec elements share four common chara ...

Staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs) comprise a large family of exotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus strains. These exotoxins are important in a variety of serious human diseases, including menstrual and nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS), staphylococcal pneu ...

In recent years, molecular genetic approaches to the study of the disease pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus have resulted in many new biological insights. I describe methods used for targeted disruption of staphylococcal genes leading to loss of gene function, important for stud ...

Despite the availability of antibody libraries for the selection of receptor molecules, the large number of established and well-characterized hybridoma lines still represent a useful source for recombinant antibody genes. This protocol describes the PCR amplification, clon ...

Busy diagnosticians need to know what is useful, and what is dross, when dealing with the internet. From the comprehensive array of resources that characterizes the offerings available via the world wide web and email correspondence, in particular, this chapter seeks to identify the most use ...

Serological laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases is inflicted with several kinds of basic problems. One difficulty relates to the fact that the serological diagnosis of infectious diseases is double indirect: The first indirect aim in diagnosing an infectious disease is to id ...