疾病及处理

This chapter describes some commonly used methods of influenza virus titration, antigenic characterization, and serological methods by antibody detection. These methods are essential not only for virus characterization but also for identifying new antigenic variants, vacc ...

The isolation of influenza viruses is important for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases in lower animals and humans, for the detection of the infecting agent in surveillance programs, and is an essential element in the development and production of vaccine. Since influenza is caused by a zo ...

We provide a brief introduction into the genome organization, life cycle, pathogenicity, and host range of influenza A viruses. We also briefly summarize influenza pandemics and currently available measures to control influenza virus outbreaks, including vaccines and antiviral ...

The ability to modify influenza viruses at will has revolutionized influenza research. Reverse genetics has been used to generate mutant or reassortant influenza viruses to assess their replication, virulence, pathogenicity, host range, and transmissibility. Moreover, this t ...

Molecular biological techniques for genomic analysis and for creation of recombinant viruses are critical tools in our efforts to understand and combat influenza A viruses. These molecular virology approaches are used in diagnostics, basic research, molecular epidemiology, bi ...

The first live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) was licensed in the USA in 2003; it is a trivalent vaccine composed of two type A (H1N1 and H3N2) and one type B influenza virus each at 107 fluorescent focus units (FFU). Each influenza vaccine strain is a reassortant virus that contains the hemaggluti ...

It seems unlikely that anyone could have foretold the interest, controversy, and concern that the occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle in Great Britain would cause when the author was commissioned to investigate its epidemiology in the spring of 1987. The epidem ...

This chapter reviews all proven or highly probable cases of environmentally acquired human spongiform encephalopathy (cannibalism, neurosurgical procedures, cornea1 and dura mater homografts, and natrve pituitary hormone therapy), and evaluates potential but as yet unve ...

In contrast to animal prion diseases, the human forms of prion disease are rare and include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), kuru, Gerstmann-Str�ussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), and fatal familial insomnia (FFI). Meticulous epidemiological research has demonstrated that kuru ...

Some fatal degenerative encephalopathies of mammals form a distinct group because they are caused by unconventional but uncharacterized transmissible agents that evoke no classical iminune response in the affected host. The animal diseases are bovine spongiform encephalop ...

Traditionally, confirmation of Transmissible Sponglform Encephalopathy (TSE) disease in humans or animals is by conventional light microscopy of stained tissue sections prepared from specific sites of formalin-fixed tissue after embedding in paraffin wax. This is the statut ...

Routine histological examination of cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) reveals a spectrum of pathological involvement, particularly with regard to the extent and localization of spongiform change. Although there is no difficulty in confirming a diagnosis of CJD in cases with ...

The neuropathology of the classical human prion diseases, Creutzfeldt-Jakob dtsease (CJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), and kuru, is characterized by four main featureundefined spongiform change, neuronal loss, ghiosts, and amyloid plaque formation (1–3. These f ...

The spectrum of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, or prion diseases, include sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), familial CJD, iatrogenic CJD, and kuru. Although the disorders are rare and currently untreatable, establishing the diagnosis is of consid ...

The study of that group of diseases now collectively known as the prion diseases has always been a source of excitement and argument between scientists. These obscure diseases usually have been of extremely rare occurrence and have had little impact on the general public. When an epidemic occur ...

In spite of the widespread use of immunocytochemical methods and the commensurate increase in the range of available techniques, a consistent means of electron miroscopical antigen localization in the lipid-rich central nervous system (CNS) has yet to be established. However, some su ...

Meningococcal mechanisms of adhesion are complex, involving multiple adhesins and their respective target receptors on host cells. Three major surface structures – pili, Opa, and Opc – have been known for some time to mediate meningococcal adhesion to target human cells. More recently, se ...

In addition to standard gel-based proteomic approaches, gel-free approaches using isobaric label reagents, such as Tandem Mass Tags (TMT), provide a straightforward method for studying adaptations in microbial proteomes to changing environmental conditions. This approach d ...

Metabolism can be defined as the complete set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. Enzymes are the main players in this process as they are responsible for catalyzing the chemical reactions. The enzyme–reaction relationships can be used for the recon ...

Integral outer membrane proteins (OMPs) play key roles in solute transport, adhesion, and other processes. In Neisseria, they can also function as major protective antigens. Structural, biophysical, and immunological studies of Neisserial OMPs require their isolation in milligr ...