疾病及处理

In addition to its involvement in clinical disease, Shiga toxin (Stx) is being appreciated as a useful tool in various aspects of cell physiology. These include defining signal transduction pathways (1–5), intracellular monitors of homeostatic processes (6–8), inducers of apoptosis (9 ...

Estimates of the risk of infection by the parasites that cause malaria govern decisions regarding vector control, chemoprophylaxis, therapeutic management, and clinical classifications of immunological susceptibility to infection. Gauging the risk of malaria represents a ...

Publication of the complete 1.83-Mb genome sequence of the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae strain Rd in 1995 (1) heralded a revolution in the study of microorganisms. The availability of a complete microbial genome sequence enormously facilitates computer-based and experimen ...

It has recently become possible to generate high-titer papillomavirus-based gene-transfer vectors. The vectors, also known as papillomavirus pseudoviruses (PsV), have been useful for studying papillomavirus assembly, entry, and neutralization, and may have future utility as ...

The major route of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) worldwide, like other agents of sexually transmitted disease, is via mucosal surfaces of the genital tract through sexual exposures (1–4). It has been hypothesized that immune responses at these sites may be im ...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) transcription is a complex process using multiple promoters, splices, and polyadenylation sites to create polycistronic transcripts capable of encoding the known and putative viral genes at the correct time and place throughout the differentiation ...

Despite the small genomes and number of genes of papillomaviruses, regulation of their transcription is very complex and governed by numerous transcription factors, cis-responsive elements, and epigenetic phenomena. This chapter describes the strategies of how one can approach a ...

The identification of papillomavirus DNA sequences in tissue samples using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, has led to the association of these infections to a multiplicity of clinical manifestations. The cloning and sequencing of PCR-amplified products has, to da ...

Improvements in methodologies to recapitulate and study particular biological functions of the papillomavirus life cycle have led to great advances in our knowledge of these viruses. Described in this chapter are techniques that allow low-copy and high-copy replication of full-le ...

The genomes of human and animal papillomaviruses amplify in keratinocytes undergoing terminal squamous differentiation. Two approaches have been developed to facilitate the investigation into the requirement for viral DNA replication and its regulation outside the conte ...

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are etiologic for the development of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Nearly all cervical carcinomas (CaCx) harbor HPV DNA, but the presence of HPV alone is not indicative of the future development of ne ...

Papillomavirus late gene expression is highly dependent on host epithelial cell differentiation, such that capsid proteins are produced only in differentiating cells. Several papillomaviruses contain negative regulatory elements (NREs), that is, short regions of late tran ...

Epidemiological studies, which address the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of (pre)malignant cutaneous lesions, focus on the HPV B1 subgroup comprising the so-called epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV)-associated HPV types. To detect and type HPV DNA in hu ...

The productive phase of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is dependent on squamous differentiation of epithelial keratinocytes. Organotypic culture systems of primary human keratinocytes (PHKs) or immortalized keratinocytes that contain HPV genomes were developed ...

The organotypic (raft) culture system has been used to develop an in vitro system that is capable of reproducing the entire human papillomavirus (HPV) life cycle, including virion morphogenesis. This system utilizes HPV-containing cell lines that are either derived from biopsies or cre ...

The study of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) has been challenging due to the differentiation-dependent aspects of their productive life cycles. The use of HPV virions, isolated from tissues, to study viral pathogenesis has been complicated due to the low numbers of HPV virions synthesized ...

The papillomavirus life cycle is tied to the differentiation of the stratified squamous epithelium that this virus infects. The ability to study the papillomavirus life cycle is facilitated by organotypic culturing techniques that allow one to closely recapitulate this terminal d ...

The generation of cell strains and established cell lines from human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected cervical biopsies and ano-genital warts is best achieved by the application of conventional protocols for keratinocyte cell culture. The optimal protocol that permits growth at cl ...

The folding of a protein to its final native state involves a series of complex steps of intra- and intermolecular interactions between the nascent polypeptide chain, its solvent environment, and the quality control machinery of the cell (1). These steps are often halting, as the unfolded prote ...

Protein folding in the viscous and crowded environment of the cell is very different from in vitro processes in which a single protein is allowed to refold at low concentration in an optimized buffer. Although Anfinsen's observation that all the information necessary for a protein to reach a prop ...