植物生理

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis enables separation of fungal chromosomes up to several megabases and is a worthwhile tool for fungal karyotyping. The germ tube burst method is a technique to separate fungal chromosomes of any size for chromosome number determination as well as in situ hyb ...

Nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) immune receptors from plants confer resistance to fungal pathogens and many other pathogenic organisms. Their low expression makes it challenging to purify these receptors from plants in sufficient quantities to be able to ident ...

The cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways are the most important signal transduction pathways in eukaryotes. In many plant pathogenic fungi they play pivotal roles in virulence and development. Identification and understanding the role ...

Supporting the identification of unknown strains or specimens by sequencing a genetic marker commonly used for phylogenetics or DNA barcoding is now standard practice for mycologists and plant pathologists. Does one have a new species when a strain differs by a few base pairs when compared to ...

Large amount of genome data are being generated by second- and now also third-generation sequencing technologies. The challenge no longer lies in the generation of the data, but in the analyses of it. We present an overview of approaches and methods to compare complete sequences of related fungal ...

Secreted proteins from plants and phytopathogens play important roles in their interactions and contribute to elaborate mechanisms of attack, defense, and counter-defense, as well as surveillance and signaling. There is therefore considerable interest in developing techni ...

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) has become an important tool for functional genomics in fungi. ATMT-based approaches such as random insertional mutagenesis and targeted knockout are widely used for gene functional analysis in plant-pathogen in ...

PCR-based DNA array technology is one of the most suitable techniques to detect and identify multiple pathogens in a single assay. Out of the different array platforms that currently exist, membrane-based DNA macroarrays are the most convenient for plant disease diagnosis because of low co ...

Genome sequence data on fungal pathogens provide the opportunity to carry out a reverse genetics approach to uncover gene function. Efficient methods for targeted genome modifications such as knockout and in locus over-expression are in high demand. Here we describe two efficient sing ...

Autophagy is a complex degradative process by which cytosolic material, including organelles, is randomly sequestered within double-membrane bound vesicles termed autophagosomes and targeted for degradation. Initially described as a nutrient stress adaptation respon ...

The increasing availability of sequenced genomes for plant pathogenic fungi has revolutionized molecular plant pathology in recent years. However, the genetic regulatory networks underlying many important components of pathogenesis remain poorly defined. Although the p ...

In recent years, many Fusarium species have emerged which now threaten the productivity and safety of small grain cereal crops worldwide. During floral infection and post-harvest on stored grains the Fusarium hyphae produce various types of harmful mycotoxins which subsequently co ...

Several species of filamentous fungi contain so-called dispensable or supernumerary chromosomes. These chromosomes are dispensable for the fungus to survive, but may carry genes required for specialized functions, such as infection of a host plant. It has been shown that at least some di ...

Many characterized fungal effector proteins are small secreted proteins. Effectors are defined as those proteins that alter host cell structure and/or function by facilitating pathogen infection. The identification of effectors by molecular and cell biology techniques is a dif ...

In recent years, the functional roles of effectors from a wide variety of fungal and oomycete pathogens have begun to emerge. As a product of this work, the importance of effector-lipid interactions has been made apparent. Phospholipids are not only important signaling molecules, but they also ...

Fungicide resistance assays are useful to determine if a fungal pathogen has developed resistance to a fungicide used to manage the disease it causes. Laboratory assays are used to determine loss of sensitivity, or resistance, to a fungicide and can explain fungicide failures and for develo ...

In recent years, a voluminous amount of genomic data has been generated for several plant pathogenic fungi. Multiple studies have utilized these genomic data to advance our knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of plant pathogenesis. However, not all plant pathogenic fungi share the s ...

Genetic transformation is an essential tool for the modern study of gene function and the genetic improvement of an organism. The genetic transformation of many fungal species is well established and can be carried out by utilizing different transformation methods including electro ...

Studies of the population genetics of fungal and oomycetous phytopathogens are essential to clarifying the disease epidemiology and devising management strategies. Factors commonly associated with higher organisms such as migration, natural selection, or recombination, ...

Fungal cells are highly complex as their metabolism is compartmentalized harboring various types of subcellular organelles that are bordered by one or more membranes. Knowledge about the intracellular localization of transporter proteins is often required for the understand ...