植物生理

Redox-dependent thylakoid protein phosphorylation regulates both the short- and long-term acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to changes in environmental conditions. The major thylakoid phosphoproteins belong to photosystem II (D1, D2, CP43, PsbH) and its light-ha ...

Chlamydomonas is a model organism to study photosynthesis. Thylakoid membranes comprise several proteins belonging to photosystems I and II. In this chapter, we show the accurate proteomic measurements in thylakoid membranes. The chlorophyll-containing membrane protein co ...

The protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane are composed of subunits derived from both the nuclear and chloroplast genomes. While less is known about the mechanisms of delivery of the plastid-encoded subunits, the targeting mechanisms of the nuclear-encoded subunits have been more ...

A method to isolate and purify CP43 and CP47 pigment–protein complexes from Photosystem (PS) II of higher plants is presented. The method has been developed in spinach, but it may also be valid for other plant species, since there is high PSII core complex homology in all plants. Core complex, obtained f ...

When thylakoids of higher plant chloroplasts are exposed to excessive light or moderate heat stress, photosystem II reaction center-binding protein D1 is damaged. The photodamage of the D1 protein is caused by reactive oxygen species, mostly singlet oxygen, and also by endogenous catio ...

This chapter discusses the photosystem II (PSII) reconstitution into proteoliposomes. In the first part of the chapter, protocols are outlined for the preparation of lipid bilayer vesicles (liposomes) constituted of individual thylakoid lipids or their mixtures, for the prepara ...

Isolated photosynthetic materials have a relatively short active life time that limits their effective use. To circumvent this limitation, various immobilization techniques have been designed to improve their stability both under storage and working conditions. The immobil ...

Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 is an ideal model cyanobacterium for functional genomics and biotechnological applications through metabolic engineering. A gene expression system that takes advantage of its multiple, endogenous plasmids has been constructed in this cyanobacte ...

The chloroplast is the largest and arguably the most complex of the three energy organelles in the plant cell. The biogenesis of the chloroplast requires a combination of thousands of proteins encoded by the chloroplastic and nuclear genomes. Chloroplast function is also subject to modifi ...

Bundle sheath (BS) strand cells and BS thylakoids from C4 plants represent a unique system for various studies using a combination of physiological, biochemical, and molecular approaches. We have developed procedures for mechanical disruption of leaf tissues in order to isolate metab ...

In this chapter, a rapid method to isolate intact chloroplasts from spinach leaves is described. Intact chloroplasts are isolated using two short centrifugation steps and avoiding the use of percoll gradient. Intactness of chloroplast is evaluated by the inability of potassium ferri ...

A series of protocols are presented for the storage, growth, transformation, and characterization of wild type and mutant strains of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. These protocols include the isolation of genomic DNA and the strategies required for the construction of specific gene i ...

Starch is a primary product of photosynthesis in the chloroplasts of many higher plants. It plays an important role in the day-to-day carbohydrate metabolism of the leaf, and its biosynthesis and degradation represent major fluxes in plant metabolism. Starch serves as a transient reserve of ...

Tetrapyrroles and carotenoids are required for many indispensable functions in photosynthesis. Tetrapyrroles are essential metabolites for photosynthesis, redox reaction, and detoxification of reactive oxygen species and xenobiotics, while carotenoids function as ...

There are numerous options for monitoring ATP synthesis in chloroplasts using isolated thylakoid membranes, intact chloroplasts, and even whole leaves. Currently, the most commonly used method employs isolated thylakoids coupling the synthesis of ATP to light emission from luci ...

Measurement of the different components of the proton motive force (pmf) gives information about the coupling of proton movement within thylakoids to chemiosmotic processes such as photophosphorylation and protein transport, as well as that relating to the overall quality of a thyla ...

Photosynthesis is one of the most readily measured metabolic processes in a plant, with fluxes being measurable non-invasively even under field conditions. In this chapter, two principal approaches are described to measure photosynthesis – O2 evolution as determined using an O2 elect ...

Chloroplasts of plants contain an intricate membrane system, the thylakoids, which harbor the complexes of the photosynthetic machinery. Chloroplasts are confined by two membranes, the inner and outer envelope. The major glycerolipids of chloroplasts are the glycolipids monog ...

This chapter outlines a quantitative proteomics workflow using a label-free spectral counting technique. The workflow has been tested on different aspects of chloroplast biology in maize and Arabidopsis, including chloroplast mutant analysis, cell-type specific chloropl ...

Proteomics of chloroplast ribosomes in spinach and Chlamydomonas revealed unique protein composition and structures of plastid ribosomes. These studies have suggested the presence of some ribosomal proteins unique to plastid ribosomes which may be involved in plastid-unique ...