化学生物学实验技术

DNA microarray studies offer a robust method for nonbiased analysis of whole genome messenger ribonucleic acid expression patterns. A growing number of studies have applied this experimental approach to studies on ethanol either in cell culture of animal models of ethanol exposure or s ...

The Internet contains a wealth of information and tools that are relevant to various aspects of antibody engineering. Here, we present a collection of useful websites and software that is specific to antibody structure analysis and engineering, as well as for general protein analysis. Alth ...

The molecular synthesis and genetics of the immunoglobulin (IG) and T-cell-receptor (TR) chains are particularly complex and unique, as they include biological mechanisms such as DNA molecular rearrangements in multiple loci (three for IG and four for TR in human) located on different chr ...

In 1969, Elvin A. Kabat of Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and Tai Te Wu of Cornell University Medical College began to collect and align amino acid sequences of human and mouse Bence Jones proteins and immunoglobulin (Ig) light chains. This was the beginning of the Kabat Data ...

Intact immunologically active antibodies are too large for high-resolution structural analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The flexibility between the Fab and Fc domains at the hinge region also makes structure determination by X-ray crystallography ge ...

Since the “Golden Age of Antibiotics” in the 1950s, natural products chemists have faced the steadily increasing problem of how to maximize the discovery of new compounds and minimize the re-evaluation of natural products already described in the literature. If a compound has been isolated, ...

Recent advancement in separation and structure elucidation methods has been remarkable. It is not unusual for submicrograms of substances to be purified from vast amounts of biological material and their structures elucidated. The major contributing factors are progress in high- ...

There is increasing scientific interest in the extraction and isolation of secondary metabolites from plants; for example, as part of biosynthetic, biochemical, chemotaxonomic, ecological, phytochemical, pharmacological, and plant tissue culture studies. This chapter is i ...

The term “scale-up” has been interpreted here as increasing the output of the product. This can be achieved by increasing the scale of the operation or increasing the concentration of product in the starting material. In the former case, this chapter considers increasing scale to the maximum that ...

What do we mean by “follow-up”? Let us assume that the natural product just isolated is of some interest, that is to say, it may have some biological activity worthy of further examination, it may represent a novel structure, or it may be of interest for ecological or chemotaxonomic reasons. In each case, we may ...

It can seem a formidable task, faced with a liter of fermentation broth—a dark, viscous sludge-knowing that in there is one group of molecules that has to be separated from all the rest. Those molecules possibly represent only about 0.0001%, or 1 ppm of the total biomass and are dispersed throughout the org ...

A fermentation broth is a complex mixture of components that often contains only trace amounts of a desired product. Microorganisms typically produce a desired product at low concentration (

Natural products from plants and microorganisms have been of great interest and importance for many years. They are the source of many pharmaceutical compounds, flavors, fragrances, spices, oils, and food and beverage ingredients. The use of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) as a gene ...

Historically, ion-exchange chromatography has been a popular technique for the isolation of natural products. This technique is used for the separation of ionized or charged substances, a characteristic of a majority of natural products. Ion-exchange chromatography was first rep ...

In the 90 yr since the discovery of chromatography, tremendous advances have been realized. It is not the scope of this chapter to review the history or theory of liquid chromatography. The reference section lists a number of good books to that effect (1–6). The goal of this chapter is to illustrate the tech ...

Acute alcohol administration has minimal effects on basal immune function. However, when the immune system is challenged, acute alcohol administration alters the immune system's response. In the first 3 h after infection or traumatic injury, the presence of alcohol is associated with a de ...

The variety of animal models used in the study of alcoholic liver disease reflects the formidable task of developing a model that replicates the human disease. We show that oral feeding of fatty acids derived from fish oil and ethanol induces fatty liver, necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. To ...

Alcohol-associated life-style disease, as exemplified by alcoholic liver disease (ALD), is multifactorial with intricate interactions among genetic and environmental factors predicating individual predisposition. To experimentally dissect the interfaces of these ...

Mice provide a useful model for the study of immune deficiency caused by chronic alcohol abuse. Their suitability is related to several factors, including in particular the extensive knowledge base in the immunology of mice already existing in the literature. Specific modeling of the immu ...

It is largely accepted that vertebrates are more susceptible to chemical insult during the early life stage. It is implied that if a chemical such as ethanol is developmentally toxic, it must interfere with, or modulate, critical signaling pathways. The probable molecular explanation for i ...