细胞功能测定

Necrosis plays a fundamental role in plant physiology and pathology. When plants or plant cell cultures are subjected to abiotic stress they initiate rapid cell death with necrotic morphology. Likewise, when plants are attacked by pathogens, they develop necrotic lesions, the reaction ...

Necrosis is a form of cell death characterized by cytoplasmic and organelle swelling, compromised �membrane integrity, intracellular acidification, and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytosolic Ca2+. In the Drosophila ovary, two distinct forms of cell death o ...

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an excellent model organism for studying the mechanisms �controlling cell death, including apoptosis, a cell suicide event, and necrosis, pathological cell deaths caused by environmental insults or genetic alterations. C. elegans has also b ...

To use Caenorhabditis elegans to study the mechanisms for initiation and execution of necrosis, the experimentalist should be familiar with the established models of necrosis in C. elegans and the genetic and molecular tools available. We present a summary of two contrasting models for st ...

Yeast are the foremost genetic model system. With relative ease, entire chemical libraries can be screened for effects on essentially every gene in the yeast genome. Until recently, researchers focused only on whether yeast were killed by the conditions applied, irrespective of the mecha ...

In eukaryotic organisms facing terminal stress, activation of genetically encoded cell death pathways underlies fundamental changes in core cellular processes and functional modification of critical biomolecules. These physiological alterations manifest themsel ...

Myocardial infarction (MI) is death and necrosis of myocardial tissue secondary to ischemia. MI is associated with adverse cardiac remodeling, progressive heart chamber dilation, ventricular wall thinning, and loss of cardiac function. Myocardial necrosis can be experimental ...

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are characterized by chronic and progressive neuronal loss. Being able to detect and quantify neurodegeneration is the first step to identify mechanisms underlying neuronal cell death and to ...

Cell death is said to occur mostly by two alternative, opposite modes: apoptosis, which involves a highly genetically regulated and elaborate network of biochemical events and cascades, and necrosis, considered a passive cell death without underlying regulatory mechanisms. Here, we ...

Perturbances in skin homeostasis are responsible for the development of skin inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis or atopic dermatitis. While the role of apoptosis has been extensively studied in the skin, the role of the newly described programmed necrosis also termed necroptosis ...

Eukaryotic cells undergo death by several different mechanisms: apoptosis, a cell death that prevents inflammatory response; necrosis, when the cell membrane lyses and all the intracellular content is spilled outside; and pyroptosis, a cell death that is accompanied by the release of in ...

Entosis is a recently described nonapoptotic cell death mechanism that is initiated by the engulfment of live epithelial cells, leading to the formation of “cell-in-cell” structures. Entotic cell engulfment is induced by matrix detachment, and is driven by imbalances in actomyosin con ...

During necrosis and following some instances of apoptosis (in particular in the absence of a proficient phagocytic system), the nonhistone chromatin component high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is released in the extracellular space. In vivo, extracellular HMGB1 can bind Toll-like re ...

Necroptosis is a novel form of regulated non-apoptotic cell death, which displays morphological features of necrosis. The kinase activity of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) is a critical component in signaling for necroptosis. The development of assays to evaluate RIP1 ...

The processes of dying are as tightly regulated as those of growth and proliferation. Recent work into the molecular pathways that regulate and execute cell death have uncovered a plethora of signalling cascades that lead to distinct modes of cell death, including “apoptosis,” “necrosis,” “ ...

Apoptosis and necrosis reflect the program of cell death employed by a dying cell and the final stage of death, respectively. Whereas apoptosis is defined as a physiological, highly organized cell death process, necrosis is commonly considered to be accidental and uncontrolled. Physiol ...

The development of such techniques as transgenesis, saturation mutagenesis, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), all of which are described in detail elsewhere in this volume, has revolutionized experimental embryology. However, no single procedure has been more broadly appl ...

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides are being widely used to interfere with specific gene activities in cell-culture systems (1,2), and there are possible analytical advantages to partial and timed interference in the whole embryo, for certain genes, as compared with targeted null mut ...

The regulation of complex developmental pathways involves the spatial and temporal interaction of specific gene products. Several powerful genetic approaches, including the tagging of gene products or cells, have allowed their distribution in space and time to be determined. The ad ...

Soon after Spemann and Mangold’s (1) famous demonstration in 1924 that the dorsal lip of the blastopore of the gastrulating amphibian embryo has the unique ability to induce a second axis when grafted into an ectopic site in a host embryo, Waddington (2,3) showed that Hensen’s node is its equivalent in a ...