细胞功能测定

Carbohydrate-binding proteins have attracted much attention as they are often considered to be mediators of specific cell adhesion (1–5). It has been suggested that the neutrophils utilize at least three types of adhesion molecules for homing to the sites of inflammation. These are membe ...

This chapter focuses on the use of antioxidant liposomes in the general area of free radical biology and medicine. The term antioxidant liposome is relatively new and refers to liposomes containing lipid-soluble chemical antioxidants, water-soluble chemical antioxidants, enzy ...

The metabolic process of glycosylation of proteins on the amide nitrogen of specific asparagine residues in proteins, referred to as N-linked glycosylation, has common features found in all eucaryotic cells. The distinguishing general features are (1) the preassembly in the endopla ...

The use of liposomes has long been in practice for various biochemical purposes including liposome-enzyme targeting into different organelles (1–5). Different aspects of liposome uses are discussed in this book. This chapter is a general review on the use of liposomes in the enzyme assay with ...

Our laboratory has been engaged in studies of lipid hydrolases since the early 1960s. In the course of these studies the following enzymes have been isolated and partially purified: ceramidase (1–3); two sphingomyelinases: the lysosomal, with an acidic pH optimum (4) and a neutral, magnesium ...

The vitamin K-dependent coagulation plasma proteins possess from 9 to 12 residues of γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) distributed in an approx 40 amino acid peptide sequence, that is, the Gla domain, which encompasses the N-terminal region. In the presence of Ca2+ and negatively charged phosph ...

Liposomes can be used as ideal drug carriers, and many previous studies have demonstrated the prolonged circulation time, enhanced efficacy, and reduced toxicity of encapsulated drugs (1–3). If liposomes could be delivered only to the target site, liposomal drugs would overcome most of the ...

Monoclonal anticarbohydrate antibodies have been widely utilized for the study of expression, distribution, and function of carbohydrate determinants on a variety of cells and tissues (Table 1) (1). Functional analysis of glycolipids and glycoproteins has been greatly facilit ...

In this chapter, we describe the methods we have used to show that chicken leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) maintains chicken embryonic stem (ES) cells in an undifferentiated state in culture. Recombinant chicken LIF (rchLIF) was expressed as a fusion protein linked to glutathione S-trans ...

In the mouse preimplantation embryo, the first cell fate determination segregates two morphologically and functionally distinct cell lineages. One is the inner cell mass, and the other is the trophectoderm. A subset of the trophectoderm maintains a proliferative capacity and forms the ...

The in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into different somatic cell types such as neurons, endothelial cells, or myocytes is well established, and many mouse ES cell lines have been created so far. The establishment of rat ES cell lines, however, has proven to be difficult. Most ...

Nonhuman primate embryonic stem (ES) cells are very important for preclinical research of the medical application of human ES cells. Because primate ES cells show significant differences from mouse ES cells, we have been optimizing protocols for the establishment and maintenance of mo ...

We describe here the isolation and maintenance of pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells from equine blastocysts that have been frozen and thawed. Equine ES cells appear to main-tain a normal diploid karyotype in culture. These cells express markers that are characteris-tic of mouse ES cells, ...

The availability of murine embryonic stem (ES) cells has revolutionized the study of mammalian development and disease. We recently developed a culture medium that has enabled us to identify the essential signaling pathways required for maintenance of pluripotency in vitro. Additi ...

The stimulation of inositol phospholipid metabolism via phospholipase C (PLC) is an important signal transduction pathway in a wide variety of cell types. Activation of the path-way is associated with many aspects of cellular activity, including cell growth and differen-tiation. Act ...

Embryonic stem (ES) cells have been suggested as candidate therapeutic tools for regenerative medicine approaches. In this scenario, great efforts are made to define protocols to preferentially direct ES cells toward a defined cell type. To this end, it becomes crucial to characterize the ...

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are useful for the molecular analysis of developmental pathways when combined with efficient genetic manipulation and in vitro differentiation procedures. To facilitate the genetic modification of ES cells, we describe how to analyze the transcription ...

Because they are capable of differentiating into cell types of all three primary germ layers, embryonic stem cells provide an ideal in vitro system in which to study the signals that regulate differentiation toward a specific cell type. Here, we describe methods for using embryonic stem cells to ...

The Human Genome Consortium has successfully sequenced the entire human genome (http://www.genome.gov/11006945), but an unfinished goal remains the identification of specific genes responsible for unique cellular processes. With respect to embryonic stem (ES) cells, this inc ...

Embryonic stem (ES) cells proliferate infinitely while maintaining pluripotency. The POU family transcription factor Oct3/4 is specifically expressed in ES cells and early embryos and plays a critical role in self-renewal of ES cells. However, only a few examples of Oct3/4 target genes ha ...