细胞功能测定

Streptomycetes are mycelial, Gram-positive soil bacteria which produce a variety of biologically active secondary metabolites, including the majority of known antibiotics. In addition to this physiological differentiation, they undergo a complex cycle of morphological d ...

The ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) is a sensitive and straightforward method for detecting, quantitating, and mapping specific mRNA transcripts (5′ and 3′ ends, intron:exon boundaries; 1–6). The method is an adaptation of the S1 nuclease assay (7,8; see also Chapter 31) where RNA, instead ...

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) contains a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viral genome that encodes viral structural and nonstructural proteins (1). Initiation of translation is under control of the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) located within the viral 5′-nontranslated regi ...

Embryonic stem (ES) cells have the potential to differentiate into all cell types originating from the three germ layers; however, there are still few reports about the formation of functional organs from embryonic stem cells. Recently, we reported that by hanging drops of mouse ES cells, embry ...

Vascular endothelial cells or endothelial progenitor cells derived from stem cells could potentially lead to a variety of clinically relevant applications, including cell-based therapies and tissue engineering. Embryonic stem (ES) cells serve as an excellent in vitro system for s ...

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from blastocyst-stage embryos. They are characterized by their infinite self-renewal capacity and their ability to differentiate into many cell types in vitro as well as in vivo. The present protocol describes culture conditio ...

The development of techniques for the in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells has provided researchers with the tools to investigate vascular development as would occur in an early embryo. Mice lacking the vascular integrins have various defects in the vasculature, i ...

The roles of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily in vasculogenesis have been implicated by the findings that mutations in genes encoding for various TGF-β superfamily signaling components exhibit defects in vascular tissues in humans and mice. Embryonic stem cell (ES ...

Embryonic stem (ES) cells represent an attractive tool not only for the study of the development of various cell types but also as a potential source of cells for transplantation. Previous studies suggested a role of the signal transduction protein SRC homology 2(SH2) protein of Beta-cells (SHB) ...

Embryonic stem (ES) cells represent a potential source of transplantable cells for the treatment of diabetes because of their almost unlimited proliferation capacity and the potential to differentiate into insulin-producing cells. The differentiation conditions signifi ...

Currently, there is no effective treatment for photoreceptor degeneration, the most common cause of blindness caused by diseases like retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. Two promising approaches include cell therapy to replace ...

From a therapeutic perspective on liver, the use of embryonic stem (ES) technology in the generation of a large number of high-functional hepatocytes developed from ES cells for cell transplantation is anticipated. We have explored a three-dimensional culture system in which hepatocy ...

During normal embryogenesis, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) reside in the context of complex three-dimensional tissue structures, in particular of extracellular matrices (ECMs), which determine cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Therefore, to study ESC diff ...

For cell replacement therapies of retinal diseases, the most-needed cells are retinal pigment epithelial cells and photoreceptor cells; lens cells are needed for replacement of the cataract. Stromal cell-derived inducing activity induces the differentiation of mouse embryon ...

Steroid hormone receptors are members of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcriptional regulatory proteins. Recent work in the field of nuclear receptor action has demonstrated an association of receptors with coregulatory proteins termed “coactivator ...

The mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter has been used extensively as a model system to examine the role of chromatin structure on transcriptional regulation from a steroid responsive gene (Fig. 1). Early studies demonstrated that the chromatin structure of the MMTV promoter was alter ...

The glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, progesterone, androgen, estrogen α and estrogen β receptors (GR, MR, PR, AR, ERα, and ERβ, respectively) form the steroid receptor family, part of the nuclear receptor superfamily (1). Like other nuclear receptors, steroid receptors have a conser ...

Biological effects of steroids are mediated through an initial interaction with specific receptor belonging to a member of the steroid/thyroid/retinoid receptor gene superfamily (1,2). Recently, increasing numbers of new members of this family, including their subtypes have be ...

Steroid hormones bind to their specific nuclear receptor protein, which are bound to their DNA receptor motifs and become activated to turn on transcription of other genes (1). As an important example, estrogen binds to estrogen receptors (ERs) and activates the progesterone receptor gene ...

Combinatorial chemistry has significantly increased the speed of small molecule lead discovery and optimization for multiple targets in the pharmaceutical industry. Large libraries of bioactive compounds, synthesized either as mixtures or discreet units, can now be made using ...