细胞功能测定

Cilia and eukaryotic flagella are important structures required for the motility of cells, the movement of medium across the surfaces of cells, and the connections between the receptor and synthetic portions of sensory cells. The axoneme forms the cytoskeleton of the cilium comprising s ...

Several model systems have been developed to investigate intracellular organelle motility. A relatively novel system that is simple but useful for studying mechanisms of organelle motility is the fish retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell. Primary cultures of dissociated RPE cel ...

Substantial progress has been made in the development of methods to direct embryonic stem cells to differentiate into various regions of the central nervous system (CNS). We have used the current model of eye specification to develop a protocol for directing human embryonic stem cells to gene ...

We describe a chemically defined protocol for efficient differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to neural epithelial cells and then to functional spinal motor neurons. This protocol comprises four major steps. Human ESCs are differentiated without morphogens into n ...

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) represent a new source of stem cells that can be propagated and expanded in vitro indefinitely, providing a potentially inexhaustible and donorless source of cells for human therapy. The ability to create banks of hESC lines with matched or reduced incompat ...

Pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have attractive attention as a source of cells for use in therapeutic application. However, as the in vitro differentiation culture does not provide usefully positional information for cell type d ...

Human pancreatic islet transplantation at present is the preferred therapeutic option for type I diabetes treatment. However, this therapy is not widely utilized because of the severe shortage of donor islets. The capacity for self-renewal and differentiation of human embryonic stem ...

Multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) are adult stem cells derived from the bone marrow of mouse and rat and were described for the first time in 2002 (Jiang et al., Nature 418:41-49, 2002), and subsequently (Breyer et al., Exp Hematol 34:1596-1601, 2006; Jiang et al., Exp Hematol 30:896-904, 2002; Ull ...

Stem cells are defined by the ability to self-renew. Specific functional assays have been developed for the rigorous identification and quantification of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), making these cells the benchmark in studies of self-renewal. Here, we review the theory behind the ...

Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) are isolated from the postimplantation mouse embryo just after implantation but prior to gastrulation. EpiSCs are pluripotent and provide a tractable, in vitro system to study the processes that function during gastrulation to transition pluripotent ...

Embryonic zebrafish have long been used for lineage-tracing studies. In zebrafish embryos, the cell fate identities can be determined by whole-mount in situ hybridization, or by visualization of live embryos if using fluorescent reporter lines. We use embryonic zebrafish to study the ef ...

Since the first report of derivation of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines in 1998, many progresses have been achieved to reliably and efficiently derive, maintain, and differentiate this therapeutically promising cell type. This chapter introduces some basic and widely recogni ...

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a valuable model organism that is amenable for large-scale chemical and genetic screens. The ability of zebrafish to produce large quantities of synchronized, externally fertilized, transparent embryos makes them ideal for screens, which of ...

Although embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been established from mice since 1981, attempts to derive its counterparts from various other mammals, including rats, have not succeeded. Recently, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been generated from both mouse and human somatic c ...

Transdifferentiation is defined as the conversion of one cell type to another. One well-documented example of transdifferentiation is the conversion of pancreatic cells to hepatocytes. Here we describe a robust in vitro model to study pancreas to liver transdifferentiation. It is bas ...

Regenerative medicine aims at producing new cells for repair or replacement of diseased and damaged tissues. Embryonic and adult stem cells have been suggested as attractive sources of cells for generating the new cells needed. The leading dogma was that adult cells in mammals, once committ ...

Cellular reprogramming is an interplay between the original starting cell’s plasticity and the (epi)genetic mechanisms used to drive this cell towards a new fate. Our capacity to reprogram mature cells into progenitors thus greatly depends on the inherent physiological plasticity ...

Reprogramming of committed cells from one lineage to another is possible in the hematopoietic system using enforced expression of transcription factors. Here we describe methods to convert committed B and T progenitors into macrophages. In order to obtain a labeled population of start ...

Induction of pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells by defined factors was shown to be possible only recently, but already several laboratories have made tremendous strive toward improving and understanding the process. Originally, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and cMyc were identified as being ...

This chapter describes the methods we use to derive and characterize human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. We describe in order, first our culture techniques for the starting fibroblast populations and methods for retrovirus preparation and concentration. Subsequently, a de ...