细胞功能测定

In enzyme analysis, capillary electrophoresis (CE) offers the ease of product separation from the substrate, with the ability to use expensive reagents in microvolumes. In CE, enzymes can be measured either as mass (when they are present in high concentration) by direct light absorbency, or by ...

Myoglobin represents the stores of oxygen in muscle tissues. Because of its relatively small mol wt, myoglobin is often used in electrophoretic techniques as a mol wt marker, and also as a test for separation efficiency in capillary electrophoresis (CE). The separation of myoglobin can be acco ...

Cryoglobulins (CG) are immunoglobulins that reversibly precipitate from serum in cold temperatures. They are classified into three types, based on the monoclonality of the γ-globulins present (1): Type I contains only monoclonal bands; type II contains mixed polyclonal immunoglo ...

Serum and urine protein electrophoresis are used primarily to screen for the presence of monoclonal proteins found in conditions such as myeloma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, macroglobulinemia, and so on. Having demonstrated the presence of an abnormal band, further testing is required to ...

Under normal circumstances, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear and colorless fluid that is formed in the ventricles of the brain. It is in close proximity to the surface of both the brain and spinal cord, and, as a result, the analysis of CSF proteins and other constituents in samples taken by lumbar punct ...

The central thesis regarding the human ovaries is that, although primordial germ cells in embryonal ovaries are of extraovarian origin, those generated during the fetal period and in postnatal life are derived from the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) bipotent cells. With the assistance ...

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common cancer affecting young men. Although TGCTs are common and the genetic component of susceptibility is unusually strong, discovery of TGCT susceptibility genes in humans has been challenging. The 129/Sv inbred mouse strain is an impor ...

The primary method for determining the function of a gene in rodents has been to make a knockout mouse through homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. However, with the advent of RNA interference (RNAi) technology, new methods for studying gene function are now possible in a wide array of ...

In adult males, spermatogonial stem cells function to replenish developing gametes that are continuously released from the testes as mature spermatozoa. Because of their potential importance to research, medicine, industry, and conservation, numerous attempts have been made in t ...

Methods are detailed for isolating highly pure populations of spermatogonial stem cells from primary cultures of testis cells prepared from 22- to 24-day-old rats. The procedure is based on the principle that testicular somatic cells bind tightly to plastic and collagen matrices when cul ...

Mammalian spermatogonial stem cells, sometimes called male germline stem cells, are a small population of adult tissue-specific stem cells present in the testis. Formation of the spermatogonial stem cell population early in life and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells in a ...

Mesenchymal stem cells are typically enriched from bone marrow via their preferential attachment to tissue culture plastic. However, this isolation method has proven ineffective for murine MSCs because various hematopoietic cell lineages survive and/or proliferate on strom ...

Recent advances in molecular technology, including gene expression microarray analysis, have allowed researchers to examine global patterns of gene expression at high resolution in populations of cultured cells or tissues. Although these techniques can be applied with great so ...

Human multipotential stromal cells (hMSCs) are easily isolated from bone marrow and can be expanded by up to 200-fold in culture. Cultures of hMSCs are heterogeneous mixtures of stem/progenitor cells and more mature cell types. The proportion of each cell type in a given culture depends on how the c ...

One of the hallmark characteristics of human MSCs (hMSCs) is their ability to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteocytes in culture. The default fate for hMSCs appears to be bone: if late-passage cultures are left in basic culture medium, the hMSCs will become confluent and pr ...

Proteomic tools have become an essential part of the tool kit of the molecular biologist, and provide techniques for detecting homologous sequences, recognizing functional domains, modeling, and analyzing the three-dimensional structure for any given protein sequence. Althou ...

Using Drosophila actin-binding protein Dunc-115 as an example, this chapter describes an MARCM based method for analyzing cytoskeletal components for their functions in the nervous system. Following a concise description about the principle, a step-by-step protocol is provided f ...

The intermediate filament (IF) proteins have been recently found as dynamic structures that influence several aspects of cell homeostasis. Here, two alternative approaches to study the dynamics of IF proteins are described: the formation of cell hybrids by the fusion of different paren ...

2D- and 3D-Dynamic Image Analysis Systems (2D- and 3D-DIAS) for quantitative analysis of cell motility and chemotaxis are described. Particular attention is given to protocols that have proven useful in the quantitation of cell shape changes and pseudopod dynamics during basic cell moti ...

When a cell migrates, it generates traction forces on the underlying substrate. The cell traction force (CTF) is not only essential for cell migration, but it is also used by cells to control their shape and maintain cellular homeostasis. As such, quantification of CTFs aids in better understandi ...