细胞功能测定

The ability to introduce DNA into embryos for the purpose of obtaining stable transformants is an important part of the technology that supports the exquisite genetic and molecular studies in Drosophila. As this ability to stably transform Drosophila embryos was developed, it became obv ...

Fish are the largest group of vertebrates. They have diverse features to adapt to a wide variety of environments, which make them excellent models for studies in various areas, including molecular and cellular biology (1,2). Small freshwater species, such as medaka (Oryzias latipes) and zebr ...

High-intensity, pulsed electrical shock is deliberately applied to the heart in the clinical setting for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia, e.g., during defibrillation. However, overdoses of electrical shock can result in toxic instead of therapeutic effects (1). Successful defi ...

Interest continues to grow rapidly in clinical gene therapy. Although many protocols approved by the US NIH Recombinant Advisory Committee involve the genetic marking of cells to determine, for example, the source of relapse after autologous bone marrow transplantation for certain m ...

Proteins can be introduced into cells in several ways, including permeabilization by Sendai virus, trypsinization, osmotic shock, microinjection, electroporation, or after transfection of cells with expression vectors containing the gene(s) of interest. Unlike most of these o ...

Specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) are important in the protection against viral and parasitic infections (1,2), as well as monitoring and even eradicating tumor cells (3–5). CTL normally recognize endogenously processed peptide antigens (Ag) complexed to MHC class I molecules ...

The introduction into mammalian cells of antibodies with specificities for endogenous cellular factors permits the functional assessment of such factors in the context of living cells. Antibodies have been successfully introduced into several cell types by various methods, inc ...

Electroporation has been used for the introduction of DNA (1–4), proteins (5–7), and various nonpermeant drugs and metabolites into cultured mammalian cells (8,9), as described in this and other volumes (10,11). Most electroporation techniques for adherent cells involve the delivery of t ...

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells possess many advantages that make them among the most widely used and highly characterized mammalian cell lines. They are easy to culture, they grow rapidly without density dependence, and they do not have stringent culture medium or high serum growth requir ...

Electroporation has become a useful tool for the introduction of biomolecules to a variety of cell types since the method was first described (1,2). This technique has also been used for important functional studies in the different GH cell strains: rat pituitary tumor cells that produce prola ...

Electrofusion has developed into an extremely efficient method for the fusion of mammalian cells. Cell-cell fusion has become an important tool for the study of cell biology, molecular biology, and bioproduction of important biological substances. Although other fusion methodol ...

The methods of induced cell fusion are very useful procedures in reproductive and developmental biology. They are used to answer basic questions associated with cell-cycle regulation in mammalian oocytes and embryos (1,2), to produce tetraploid embryos (3), and of particular interest, ...

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) can be used to transform human B-lymphocytes to derive populations of cells secreting specific antibodies of interest. Isolating monoclonal or stable populations of these cells, however, has proven very difficult (1). In our laboratory, we have developed methods ...

In early work to produce identical animals, such as twins, triplets, or quadruplets, blastomeres of two- to four-cell stage sheep embryos were separated (1), and each blastomere was sealed in an empty zona pellucida, embedded in agar gel, and temporarily cultured in vivo in rabbit or sheep oviducts u ...

It is possible to generate tetraploidy in mammalian embryos by chemical or physical suppression of a cleavage division causing endoreduplication of the genome (1,2), or by using techniques to fuse karyoblasts or cells with nucleated or enucleated eggs and blastomeres, which results in tr ...

Electrofusion is a process by which fusion between cell membranes can be induced by exposure to electrical fields (1,2). Many practical applications of electrofusion have been demonstrated, such as the formation of hybridomas (3–6), the production of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) (7–9), s ...

Cell-cell electrofusion (CCE) is a process that involves forcing cells into close juxtaposition and then inducing fusion by delivering electric pulses to the cells. CCE has proven to have many practical applications. It has been used for monoclonal antibody (MAb) production (1,2), hybrid ...

In vitro selection experiments have various goals depending on the composition of the initial pool and the selection method applied. We developed an in vitro selection variant that is useful for the identification of minimal RNA binding sites for proteins within large RNAs. A pool of randomly f ...

Results obtained from in vitro experiments often need to be confirmed by in vivo experiments. The study of RNA-protein interactions is no exception. Information on RNA-protein complex formation in the cell is important for understanding the mechanisms of cellular RNA metabolism such as R ...

Ribonuclease P (RNase P) from Escherichia coli is a transfer RNA (tRNA)-processing enzyme and consists of a catalytic RNA subunit (M1 RNA) and a protein component (C5 protein). M1GS, a gene-targeting ribozyme derived from M1 RNA, can cleave a target messenger RNA (mRNA) efficiently in vitro and inh ...