细胞功能测定

We present detailed protocols for two methods of gene targeting in Drosophila. The first, ends-out targeting, is identical in concept to gene replacement techniques used routinely in mammalian and yeast cells. In Drosophila, the targeted gene is replaced by the marker gene white + (although o ...

There is a need for direct imaging of effects on tumour vasculature in assessment of response to anti-angiogenic drugs and vascular disrupting agents. Imaging tumour vasculature depends on differences in permeability of vasculature of tumour and normal tissue, which cause changes in p ...

Tumour neovascularization acquires vessels through a number of processes, including angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, vascular remodelling, intussusception, and possibly vascular mimicry in certain tumours. The end result of the tumour vasculature has been quantified by co ...

Abstract The field of lymphatic research has benefited enormously from the recent discovery of “marker” proteins that permit not only the identification and quantitation of lymphatic vessels in tissue sections for tumour pathology but also the isolation of primary lymphatic endot ...

The endothelium residing in different vascular beds displays high-degree phenotypic heterogeneity at morphological, functional, biochemical, and molecular levels. Endothelial cells (ECs) can be easily harvested from large vessels by mechanical removal or collagenase di ...

Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are key players in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and restenosis; however, they are also important in formation and development of de novo blood vessels during vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Vascular SMCs can be formed by proliferation of existing SM ...

This chapter describes detailed methods for the isolation of primary human lymphatic endothelial cells from neonatal foreskin. We also provide protocols and information for their characterization and propagation. Isolation of primary human lymphatic endothelial cells req ...

Recent studies have found that bone marrow-derived cells give rise to endothelial cells during states of tissue repair and disease. We have found that one key integrin, integrin-α4β1, promotes the homing of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to sites of ongoing tissue repai ...

Neovascularization plays a role in several pathological conditions, including tumor growth, arthritis, and choroidal neovascularization. Investigators from different fields can choose from several available angiogenesis assays according to their specific needs. Th ...

Angiogenesis is a complex sequential process involving endothelial activation, basement membrane degradation, endothelial sprouting from the parent vessel, invasion of the extracellular matrix, endothelial proliferation, vessel elongation, branching, anastomo ...

Methods are described for analysing adhesion of isolated cells (such as leucocytes, tumour cells, or precursor cells) to purified adhesion receptors or cultured endothelial cells. “Static” assays (in which cells are allowed to settle on the adhesive substrates) and flow-based assays ( ...

The corneal endothelium plays a key role in the physiology of the cornea, maintaining its transparency by regulating corneal hydration. Moreover, corneal endothelial cells play the central role in irreversible corneal graft rejection as human corneal endothelial cells are predom ...

In our efforts aimed at studying the cellular responses to injury, including the angiogenesis of wound healing, we have developed a novel three-dimensional (3D) skin equivalent that is comprised of multiple cell types found in normal human skin or chronic wound beds. The in vitro model contains a ...

Successful therapeutic angiogenesis requires an understanding of how the milieu of growth factors available combine to form a mature vascular bed. This requires a model in which multiple physiological and cell biological parameters can be identified. The adenoviral-mediated me ...

This chapter covers the breakdown of the process of angiogenesis into simple assays to measure discrete endothelial cell functions. The techniques described are suitable for studying stimulators or inhibitors of angiogenesis and determining which aspect of the process is modula ...

Tissue blood flow rate (F) is a critical parameter for assessing functional efficiency of a blood vessel network following angiogenesis. This chapter aims to provide the principles behind estimation of F and a practical approach to its determination in laboratory animals using small, re ...

The host response observed after the application of an appropriate stimulus, such as mechanical injury or injection of neoplastic or normal tissue implants, has allowed the cataloguing of a number of molecules and cells involved in the vascularization of normal repair or neoplastic tiss ...

The search for rapid and reproducible in vivo angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis assays is an area of intense interest. These types of assays are extremely useful in testing putative drugs and biological agents and for the comparison and enhancement of in vitro tests. The Matrigel plug assay is ...

Intravital microscopy represents an internationally accepted and sophisticated experimental method to study angiogenesis, microcirculation, and many other parameters in a wide variety of neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissues. Since 1924, when the first transparent cham ...

Continuous monitoring of neovascular growth in vivo is required for the development and evaluation of drugs acting as suppressors or stimulators of angiogenesis. The cornea assay consists of the placement of an angiogenesis stimulus (tumor tissue, cell suspension, growth factor) in ...