细胞功能测定

Autoradiography is a technique for visualization of radioactive material within an object by registering the charged particles emitted by disintegration of radioactive atoms, and was used by Howard and Pelc to demonstrate the incorporation of 32P into “resting” cells of Vicia faba roo ...

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model organism to study photosynthesis, cellular division, flagellar biogenesis, and, more recently, mitochondrial function. It has distinct advantages in comparison to higher plants because it is unicellular, haploid, and amenable to tetrad ana ...

Mitochondria form a dynamic network in which continuous movement, fusion, and division ensure the distribution and exchange of proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The recent past has seen the identification and characterization of the first proteins governing the organiza ...

Mitochondria are almost ubiquitous organelles in Eukaryota. They are highly dynamic and often complex structures in the cell. The mammalian mitochondrial proteome is predicted to comprise as many as 2000–2500 different proteins. Determination of the subcellular localization of ...

Mitochondria play an essential role in cellular homeostasis. Although in the last few decades our knowledge of mitochondria has increased substantially, the mechanisms involved in the control of mitochondrial biogenesis remain largely unknown. The powerful genetics of Drosop ...

Mitochondria are essential organelles with central roles in diverse cellular processes such as apoptosis, energy production via oxidative phosphorylation, ion homeostasis, and the synthesis of heme, lipid, amino acids, and iron-sulfur clusters. Defects in the mitochondrial re ...

The mitochondrion of the parasitic protozoon Trypanosoma brucei shows a number of unique features, many of which represent highly interesting research topics. Studies of these subjects require the purification of mitochondrial fractions. Here, we describe and discuss the two most c ...

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, widely used for studies of cell cycle control and differentiation, provides an alternative and complementary model to the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for studies of nucleo-mitochondrial interactions. There are stri ...

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely used to study mitochondrial biogenesis and function. We review some basic properties that make yeast an ideal model organism to investigate various aspects of mitochondrial biology. We discuss genetic features of commonly used yea ...

The ability to isolate intact, functional mitochondria from plant tissues is a key technique in the study of the genome, proteome, and metabolic function of the plant mitochondrion. Traditionally, mitochondrial plant researchers have turned to specific plant systems and organs (such ...

Neurospora crassa has proven to be an excellent organism for studying various aspects of the biology of mitochondria by biochemical and genetic approaches. As N. crassa is an obligate aerobe and contains complex I, its mitochondria are more similar to mammalian mitochondria than those of ye ...

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is currently the only species in which genetic transformation of mitochondria can be used to generate a wide variety of defined alterations in mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA). DNA sequences can be delivered into yeast mitochondria by microp ...

We describe methods that allow isolation, identification, and counting of mitochondrial mutants that are resistant to antibiotics (ant R) or respiratory deficient (rho −). (1) Analysis of diploid and meiotic progenies generated in crosses between mutants and tester strains allows di ...

Mitochondria are genetic compartments with their own enzymatic equipment for maintenance and expression of their genetic information. As in all genetic systems, gene expression has to be regulated, and in mitochondria this also has to be coordinated with the expression of nuclear-enc ...

Understanding the details of how genetic information is expressed from the separate mitochondrial genome requires a detailed description of the properties of the mitochondrial RNA polymerase. This nuclear-encoded enzyme is necessary and sufficient for the transcription of all ...

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference triggered by double-stranded RNA has become a powerful tool for generating loss-of-function phenotypes. It is used to inactivate genes of interest and represents an elegant approach to genome functional analysis by reverse genetics. In Drosoph ...

Replication intermediates can be separated on agarose gels in two dimensions to reveal a wealth of data on mechanisms of DNA replication. When applied to mitochondrial DNA of higher vertebrates, this technique unearthed a host of unexpected findings, the full implications of which are sti ...

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) import into mitochondria occurs in a variety of organisms. In mammalian cells, several small RNAs are imported in a natural manner; transfer RNAs (tRNAs) can be imported in an artificial way, following expression of corresponding genes from another organism (yeast) ...

Mitochondrial biogenesis is an intricate process that requires the coordinated function of two separate genetic systems: one in the organelle and one in the nucleus. The study of mitochondria requires the analysis of both genetic systems and their protein products. We describe the gener ...

Amino acids are not only substrates for various metabolic pathways, but can also serve as signaling molecules controlling signal transduction pathways. One of these signaling pathways is mTOR-dependent and is activated by amino acids (leucine in particular) in synergy with insulin. A ...